Ento Key

Optic nerve Table 19.1 Signs of optic nerve dysfunction • Reduced VA • Relative afferent pupillary defect • Dyschromatopsia: impairment of colour vision, mainly red and green • Diminished light…

Terminology • Uveitis: inflammation of the uveal tract. • Anterior uveitis: iritis and iridocyclitis (iris and ciliary body). • Intermediate uveitis: inflammation of the pars plana, the peripheral retina, and…

Benign nodules and cysts Chalazion (meibomian cyst) Definition: very common chronic sterile inflammation of a meibomian gland that may resolve spontaneously. Diagnosis • Signs: (a) gradually enlarging tarsal nodule (…

Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis • Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. • Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal (…

Bacterial keratitis Pathogenesis • Pathogens: most common are (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa , (b) S. aureus , and (c) streptococci. • Risk factors: (a) contact lens wear, (b) trauma, and (c)…

Age-related macular degeneration Introduction • Definition: degeneration affecting the macula; characterized by drusen and RPE changes, and sometimes CNV. • Classification: non-exudative (‘dry’)—most common, and exudative (‘wet’); the latter is…

Eyelid trauma Periocular haematoma • A ‘black eye,’ consisting of a haematoma (focal collection of blood) and/or periocular ecchymosis (diffuse bruising) and oedema, is a very common result of blunt…

Ocular hypertension Diagnosis • Normal IOP: mean IOP in the general population is 16 mm Hg; two standard deviations to either side of this gives a ‘normal’ IOP range of 11–21 mm…

Generalized photoreceptor dystrophies Retinitis pigmentosa Genetics: Typical retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinal dystrophies initially mainly affecting the rod photoreceptor cells and subsequently cones (rod–cone dystrophy). It can…

Definitions • Retinal detachment (RD): separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the RPE, with the accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF). • Rhegmatogenous RD: occurs when a full-thickness defect in…