10.1055/b-0034-92467 Surgical Management of the EyeGuy G. Massry Facial nerve paresis has potentially significant ophthalmic and oculoplastic implications. Distal branches of the nerve innervate the orbicularis oculi muscle, which functions…
10.1055/b-0034-92472 Synkinesis and HyperkinesisBarry M. Schaitkin Unwanted facial nerve movement disorders take many forms. Hemifacial spasm is a unilateral hyperactivity that usually begins focally and may progress to involve all…
10.1055/b-0034-92471 Neuromuscular Retraining: Nonsurgical Therapy for Facial PalsyH. Jacqueline Diels and Carien H.G. Beurskens Neuromuscular retraining (NMR) is a patient-centered approach to the nonsurgical treatment of facial paralysis, paresis, and…
10.1055/b-0034-92470 Lower Facial ReanimationBabak Azizzadeh and Kimberly J. Lee Facial paralysis is a condition that can affect some or all branches of the facial nerve. Facial nerve disorders can lead…
10.1055/b-0034-92469 Facial Nerve RepairDouglas K. Henstrom and Tessa A. Hadlock Myriad clinical conditions lead to permanent or irreversible facial paralysis. Examples of “permanent” facial paralysis include facial nerve sacrifice at…
10.1055/b-0034-92468 Rehabilitation with the Enhanced Palpebral SpringRobert E. Levine The ocular manifestations of facial paralysis are a major source of both local and systemic disability. Locally, the inability to blink…
10.1055/b-0034-92471 Neuromuscular Retraining: Nonsurgical Therapy for Facial PalsyH. Jacqueline Diels and Carien H.G. Beurskens Neuromuscular retraining (NMR) is a patient-centered approach to the nonsurgical treatment of facial paralysis, paresis, and…
10.1055/b-0034-92472 Synkinesis and HyperkinesisBarry M. Schaitkin Unwanted facial nerve movement disorders take many forms. Hemifacial spasm is a unilateral hyperactivity that usually begins focally and may progress to involve all…
