Radial and Astigmatic Keratotomy
Introduction The use of radial and astigmatic keratotomy has declined over time as laser vision correction and cataract surgery with the implantation of toric intraocular lenses have gained popularity owing…
Conductive Keratoplasty and Laser Thermokeratoplasty
Introduction Conductive keratoplasty (CK) and laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) were originally conceived for the treatment of hyperopia by applying energy to the midperipheral cornea, causing the central cornea to become steeper….
The Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments
Introduction Several methods of altering the anterior corneal curvature to modify the refractive status of the eye have been developed. In 1987, Reynolds began experimenting with implanted rings within the…
Phakic Intraocular Lens Power Calculations
Introduction Phakic intraocular lenses (PIOLs) are implanted in phakic eyes. Piggyback IOL implantation involves the placement of two IOLs in the eye. Piggyback IOL implantation can be primary, by putting…
Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) Complications and Their Management
Introduction Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is highly appealing to patients and surgeons alike because of its minimally invasive and virtually painless nature. However, it is not free from potential complications….
Refractive Lens Exchange
Introduction The idea of removing the lens for refractive purposes dates back the 18th century. Abbé Desmonceaux was probably the first to propose such a surgery in France in 1776…
Epithelium Off and Transepithelial Cross-Linking: Techniques and Outcomes
Introduction Collagen cross-linking (CXL) was proposed by Wollensak et al. as a new possibility to stabilize progressive keratoconus, preventing some of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disease. This shows promise…
Principles of Corneal Cross-Linking
Introduction Originally, corneal cross-linking (CXL) was introduced to prevent the progression of keratoconus. However, during in vitro and in vivo experiments, in addition to the biomechanical stabilization of the cornea,…
Orthokeratology
Introduction Orthokeratology is a widely accepted optical treatment for myopia control in children, especially in East Asian countries. However, this treatment has existed for many years, originally having been introduced…
Crosslinking Instrumentation
Introduction The clinical success of crosslinking was made possible by the development of ultraviolet (UV)-light emitting diodes (LEDs) that allowed for a reasonable balance of cost and performance with reliable…
