Refractive Surgical Procedures to Restore Accommodation
Introduction Presbyopia is the age-related loss of the eye’s ability to focus at near distances. The symptoms of presbyopia generally become perceptible at the age of around 40 years; by…
Smart Intraocular Lenses, Accommodating and Pseudoaccommodating Intraocular Lenses for Presbyopia
Introduction Accommodation is a change in the focus of the eye from distant to near objects. This is defined as a dioptric change in the eye’s optical power. Presbyopia, defined…
Iris-Fixated Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Introduction In the 1950s, the pioneers Strampelli, Barraquer, and Choyce introduced the concept of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in phakic eyes to correct high myopia. Since the 1980s, phakic IOL…
Multifocal Intraocular Lenses
Introduction With extraordinary advances in instrumentation and techniques for refractive surgery, there are now many options for the surgical correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. However, the surgical treatment of…
Physiology of Accommodation and Presbyopia
Introduction Accommodation is the physiologic ability to change the optical power of the eye to focus at a continuous range of distances, mimicking the autofocus of a camera. The accommodation…
Intraocular Lens Calculations After Keratorefractive Surgery
Introduction As part of the normal aging process, patients who are undergoing keratorefractive procedures may ultimately develop cataracts and may need cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The increasing…
Monovision
Introduction Presbyopia refers to the decrease in accommodative capacity that accompanies aging. It occurs when an individual’s accommodative power is no longer able to allow for sustained and comfortable near-vision…
Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)
Introduction Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a refractive surgery procedure currently used to correct refractive errors in patients with myopia with or without astigmatism while the correction of presbyopia and…
Phakic Intraocular Lens Explantation (PIOL): Causes and Surgical Techniques of PIOL Exchange and Bilensectomy
Introduction Phakic intraocular lenses (PIOLs) have been used for many years as a backup for patients who cannot have laser refractive surgery. There are three different types of PIOLs: the…
Scleral Surgery for Presbyopia
Introduction The earliest attempts to expand the sclera in humans were performed in the mid-1980s and consisted of simple radial incisions in the sclera, similar to radial keratotomy (RK) of…
