Rebecca Lee and Frederick M. Wang Summary Individualizing anesthesia choices for strabismus surgery based on patient considerations leads to a better and safer patient experience, improved surgical outcome, and a…
Yair Morad and Irene H. Ludwig Summary Acquired and congenital displacements of the paths of the eye muscles (pulley shifts and pulley heterotopias) are newly recognized causes of strabismus. Downward…
Seyhan B. Oezkan Summary Duane’s syndrome is a common form of the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motility pattern presents in a wide clinical spectrum, and the choice of…
Lionel Kowal, Yair Morad, Ronit Friling, and Irene Ludwig Summary New advances in the understanding of extraocular muscle and orbital anatomy and function are leading to increased accuracy in diagnosis…
Susana Gamio Summary Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a well-recognized condition that is characterized by spontaneous upward drifting of one or both eyes, which is difficult to manage and control,…
Richard Hertle Summary Eye muscle surgery for the treatment of nystagmus has a long history, but today remains a small part of the treatment tools of a strabismus surgeon. Its…
Malcolm Ing Summary In this chapter, the author will describe the pathology of pterygia with its relationship to the adjacent structure, the medial rectus. Pterygia that have developed on the…
Irene Ludwig Summary Strabismus and other ophthalmic complications due to acute severe sinusitis have long been known, but less well appreciated is the association of strabismus with subacute, subclinical, or…
Leonard Rich Summary The strabismus surgeon must realize that Graves’ orbitopathy is a bilateral disease with asymmetrical restrictive involvement of all the extraocular muscles. Orbital imaging should be considered a…
Monte Stavis and Maham Khan Summary Torsion is an under-recognized component of strabismus. Measurement of torsion is integral to accurate diagnosis of strabismus, and torsional correction is critical to optimize…
