Ento Key

Optic nerve Optic atrophy Classification ◾ Primary: occurs without antecedent swelling of the optic nerve head. It may be caused by lesions from the retrolaminar optic nerve to the lateral…

Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis ◾ Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. ◾ Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal (…

Amblyopia Definition: unilateral, or rarely bilateral, subnormal best corrected visual acuity caused by form vision deprivation and/or abnormal binocular interaction, for which there is no identifiable pathology of the eye…

Diabetic retinopathy Introduction ◾ Prevalence: (a) the overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in individuals with diabetes is approximately 40%, (b) DR is more common in type 1 than in…

Eyelid trauma Periocular haematoma ◾ A ‘black eye’ consists of a haematoma (focal collection of blood) and/or periocular ecchymosis (diffuse bruising) and oedema. It is a common result of blunt…

Anatomy The macula is the part of the retina that lies inside the temporal vascular arcades and has a diameter of between 5 and 6 mm. Histologically, the macula has…

Introduction The hereditary retinal dystrophies are a group of disorders that exert their major effect on the retinal pigment epithelium–photoreceptor complex and choriocapillaris to cause a range of visual symptoms….

Definitions ◾ Retinal detachment (RD): separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the RPE, with the accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF). ◾ Rhegmatogenous RD: occurs when a full-thickness defect in…

Eyelids ◾ Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: used in the treatment of solid tumours and can cause: (a) trichomegaly, (b) blepharitis, (c) dry eye syndrome. ◾ Imatinib: used in the…

Muscae volitantes Muscae volitantes are extremely common tiny fly- or worm-like physiological opacities best seen by the patient against a pale background. They are thought to be predominantly composed of…