Ento Key

Epicanthal Fold Repair Janice C. Liao, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION An epicanthal fold is a vertical or oblique fold of skin originating from the upper or lower eyelids and extending toward…

Eyelid Retraction Repair Obadah Moushmoush, MD Michael Richard, MD LOWER EYELID RETRACTION DISEASE DESCRIPTION Lower eyelid retraction refers to a malposition of the lower eyelid in which there is visible…

Entropion Repair Usha Reddy, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Entropion refers to the inward rotation of the lid margin. It can occur in upper or lower eyelids but most commonly presents in…

Ectropion Repair Amina Hussain, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Ectropion is an eyelid disorder in which the eyelid everts or does not appose the globe sufficiently to provide adequate protection to the…

Blepharoptosis Repair Roshni Ranjit-Reeves, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Blepharoptosis is a low-lying upper eyelid margin. Blepharoptosis becomes visually significant if the lid margin obstructs the superior border of the pupil; this…

Brow Ptosis Repair Leon Rafailov, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION Eyebrow ptosis is an eyebrow that rests below the superior orbital rim. The resting eyebrow position is determined by a balance of…

Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty Zinaria Y. Williams, MD DISEASE DESCRIPTION The purpose of upper eyelid blepharoplasty is to remove redundant skin and fat prolapse that result from changes to the aging…

Functional and Surgical Anatomy of the Face Brian Cripe, MD Julie Woodward, MD For purposes of aesthetic and reconstructive procedures involving the face, it is beneficial to divide the facial…

Functional and Surgical Anatomy of the Orbit Nicholas Ramey, MD The globe, eyelids, and lacrimal drainage structures are discussed elsewhere. Bones — the orbit is composed of the frontal, sphenoid,…

Functional and Surgical Anatomy of the Lacrimal System Sanja G. Cypen, MD AFFERENT LACRIMAL SYSTEM The afferent lacrimal system is responsible for tear production. Tears are produced constantly at a…