Ento Key

Introduction The eyelids have two lamellae – an anterior lamella of skin and orbicularis muscle and a posterior lamella of tarsal plate and conjunctiva. Partial-thickness defects of the lid or…

Introduction More than any other oculoplastic surgery ptosis surgery depends on a thorough understanding of eyelid anatomy. Particular care must be taken in the assessment because not all ptosis should…

Introduction Entropion of the upper or lower eyelids causes pain and leads eventually to corneal scarring. The changes occur more rapidly if there is also a poor tear film. Classification:…

Introduction In a full-thickness reconstruction of the upper or lower eyelid it is important to reconstruct the posterior lamella of the lid to give support to the reconstructed anterior lamella….

Introduction In this chapter the direct closure of defects of the eyelid margin is described. Smaller defects may be closed directly without additional tissue. Larger lid margin defects may be…

Epicanthus and/or telecanthus Choice of operation Correct large epicanthic folds with a Mustardé double Z -plasty ( 18.1 ). Smaller folds may be corrected with the simpler Y – V…

Introduction Enucleation and evisceration reduce the volume of the tissues within the orbit. To achieve a cosmetic result this volume must be replaced. A large artificial eye may appear satisfactory…

Introduction An alternative to the separate reconstruction of each lamella of an eyelid is to use a flap which combines both lamellae. These flaps are taken only from the lower…

Introduction Neglected ectropion leads to epiphora and secondary cicatricial changes in the skin. A vicious circle is set up which is increasingly difficult to reverse the longer surgery is delayed….

Introduction The emotional distress which frequently accompanies the removal of an eye is reduced considerably by a cosmetic final result. The appearance of the prosthesis will be enhanced and its…