7.12 Calcium Disorders
10.1055/b-0038-162787 7.12 Calcium Disorders Key Features Hypercalcemia can result when too much calcium enters the extracellular fluid or when there is insufficient calcium excretion from the kidneys. Hypocalcemia is less…
7.11 Hypoparathyroidism
10.1055/b-0038-162786 7.11 Hypoparathyroidism Key Features Hypoparathyroidism is caused by low circulating levels of parathyroid hormone or insensitivity to its action. The most common causes are iatrogenic (surgery) and autoimmunity. Etiology…
7.10 Hyperparathyroidism
10.1055/b-0038-162785 7.10 Hyperparathyroidism Key Features Hyperparathyroidism is caused by an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hyperparathyroidism is usually subdivided into primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism results in elevated…
7.9 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Parathyroid Glands
10.1055/b-0038-162784 7.9 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Parathyroid Glands There are four parathyroid glands (in two pairs), usually close to the upper and lower poles of the thyroid lobe….
7.8 Thyroid Cancer
10.1055/b-0038-162783 7.8 Thyroid Cancer Key Features Well-differentiated tumors (papillary and follicular) are highly treatable. Undifferentiated tumors (medullary or anaplastic) are aggressive and have a poorer prognosis. Thyroid cancer affects women…
7.7 Thyroiditis
10.1055/b-0038-162782 7.7 Thyroiditis Key Features Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. Hashimoto′s thyroiditis (chronic autoimmune thyroiditis) is the most common type. Other forms include postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis…
7.1 Physiology of the Thyroid Gland
10.1055/b-0038-162776 7.1 Physiology of the Thyroid Gland Key Features The functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle ( Fig. 7.2 ). Thyroid follicles are composed of a single…
7.6 Thyroid Storm
10.1055/b-0038-162781 7.6 Thyroid Storm Key Features Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal complication of hyperthyroidism. Approximately 1 to 2% of patients with hyperthyroidism progress to thyroid storm. It…
7.5 Hypothyroidism
10.1055/b-0038-162780 7.5 Hypothyroidism Key Features Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland produces insufficient amounts of thyroid hormone. In…
7.4 Hyperthyroidism
10.1055/b-0038-162779 7.4 Hyperthyroidism Key Features Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic condition associated with elevated levels of free T4, free T3, or both. The incidence of hyperthyroidism is between 0.05 and 1.3%,…
