Key points • Optimal facial rehabilitation must address each affected zone of the face: lower lip, oral commissure, midface, ocular region, and brow. • Since its introduction, the gracilis free…

Facial paralysis can result in serious ocular consequences. All patients with orbicularis oculi weakness in the setting of facial nerve injury should undergo a thorough ophthalmologic evaluation. The main goal…

Key points • Frey syndrome is a common sequela of parotid gland surgery, affecting up to 64% of patients with varying degrees of severity. • Frey syndrome is secondary to…

Key points • Reconstruction after parotidectomy is customized to patients’ needs. • Exposure of both sides of the face during parotidectomy allows accurate reconstruction based on the contralateral side. •…

Various types of parotid gland tumors are discussed from nonneoplastic to both benign and malignant neoplasms. The anatomic relationship of the facial nerve is discussed as it exits the stylomastoid…

Key points • Adequate excision of a parotid cancer should be based on the extent of the primary tumor. • Every attempt should be made to remove all gross tumor….

Parotidectomy for benign tumors is undergoing constant evolution. The potential for recurrence and malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenomas creates complexities that have forced head and neck surgeons to undertake more…

Key points • Chronic inflammatory disorders of the parotid gland can usually be related to salivary stasis, ductal obstruction, or reduced salivary flow rates from any etiology. • Traditional management…