Introduction The hypopharynx is the inferior-most portion of the pharynx, bounded by the oropharynx superiorly and the esophagus inferiorly. The hypopharynx is intimately related to the larynx, both anatomically and…

Introduction Penetrating trauma to the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus is a potentially life-threatening injury, which may be the result of iatrogenic injury, accidental impalement, or assault. Multiple routine procedures and…

Introduction Disorders of the esophagus present a challenge to the otolaryngologist owing to the broad variety of pathology and oftentimes nonspecific nature of patient complaints. Using a mirror, Bozzini in…

Introduction While radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), surgical resection of the recurrent cancer with the adjacent mucosal wall (nasopharyngectomy)…

Introduction The facial translocation approach (FTA) for access to the cranial base was first described in the late 1980s by Dr. Ivo P. Janecka and colleagues at the University of…

Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous cell carcinoma of an undifferentiated type. This cancer is endemic among Chinese, having the highest incidence of 10 to 20 per 100,000 for…

Introduction The transcervical approach to the oropharynx and hypopharynx provides excellent exposure for the removal of a variety of lesions. The lateral pharyngectomy approach was first described by Cheever in…

Introduction Certain ethnogeographic groups have been found to have an increased risk of developing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Studies have shown that among the Chinese, there is a very high incidence…

Introduction A hollow viscus located immediately posterior to the larynx, the hypopharynx is related to the oral pharynx superiorly and the cervical esophagus inferiorly. It is divided into three anatomic…

Introduction Carcinoma of the base of the tongue can be managed with either surgical or nonsurgical approaches. Historically, most surgical resections in this region have involved open approaches, such as…