Introduction Laser Types and Mechanism of Action Several lasers have been studied and utilized in salivary stone lithotripsy. Zenk et al. have described in detail the development of laser stone fragmentation,…

14.1 The Marchal Instruments Salivary Endoscopy Relies on Several Factors 1. The size of the papilla and the difficulty to pass the papilla without traumatizing it 2. The caliber of…

Introduction Salivary gland obstruction accounts for about 50% of all benign salivary gland diseases. Sialolithiasis is one of the most frequent causes of inflammatory changes within the large salivary glands….

Transoral Robotic Surgery for Submandibular Sialolithiasis Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) was invented at the University of Pennsylvania and subsequently Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 2009. Transoral surgery of…

Introduction Most patients presenting with obstructive symptoms of the submandibular gland (SMG) are afflicted with salivary stones rather than stenosis, and salivary gland stones are a more frequent cause of…

Introduction The applications of sialendoscopy continue to increase. Whether in isolation or as an accessory to more invasive techniques, sialendoscopy has expanded gland-sparing options for the management of non-neoplastic salivary…

Introduction Papilla crossing is one of the key points for sialendoscopy, especially in submandibular sialendoscopy. After the papilla has been crossed, the sialendoscopy can begin. Instead of papilla crossing, other…

Introduction The major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, are paired and symmetric. In the oral cavity 700–900 minor salivary glands are found, the majority of which are located…

Stensen’s Parotid Salivary Duct Description The secretions of the parotid gland are transported to the oral cavity via the Stensen’s duct. Embedded in the division of the parotid-masseteric-buccinator fascia, it…

8.1 Pediatric Salivary Gland Neoplasms Salivary neoplasms are uncommon in children. They may arise in the acini and ducts (epithelial tumors) or in mesenchymal tissue, e.g., the intraparotid lymphoid (lymphoma)…