7.1 Historical background In ear surgery, optical magnification and stereopsis are essential in identifying anatomical structures and performing surgical procedures safely and successfully. The need for stereopsis and the importance…

6.1 Introduction The oropharynx is currently one of the most affected sites in head and neck oncology. Over the past 20 years, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer has increased significantly,…

5.1 Historical background Salivary stones were extracted as far as before Renascence, as well as abscesses and ranulas. With corpse dissection from the mid-17th century, the increasing anatomic and functional…

4.1 The exoscope in transoral laryngeal surgery 4.1.1 Background The recent development of exoscopic systems was first aimed for surgical recording and teaching purposes. Then, the implementation with 3D cameras,…

1.1 Introduction Microsurgical procedures have been developed during the last decades in several specialties. The operating microscope was indeed extensively used to perform fine and delicate surgeries in many fields….

3.1 The introduction of exoscopes in microlaryngeal surgery The use of the operating microscope in laryngology was first introduced in 1960 by Scalco, Shipman, and Tabb in New Orleans, United…

2.1 Role and importance of education in microsurgery Microsurgery was first introduced in the otolaryngology field at the beginning of the 900s. In 1921, a monocular microscope with a high…