Introduction Pain management is a major concern for many patients who contemplate undergoing facial plastic and reconstructive surgeries. Numerous over-the-counter and prescription pain medications have been used to address this…
Acknowledgment We would like to express our appreciation to Dr. Roger Goucke for the invaluable input, suggestion, and language editing of the manuscript. Introduction Pain has recently been redefined as…
Introduction The nasal cavity exists to warm, humidify, and sample air for olfaction as we inspire. The role of the paranasal sinuses is not as clear, though it is hypothesized…
Overview and historical pain management Perioperative pain management is an essential component of surgical care. In the United States, an estimated 360,000–420,000 head and neck surgeries are performed annually. Pain…
“How great was the humiliation when one who stood beside me heard the distant sound of a shepherd’s pipe, and I heard nothing; or heard the shepherd singing, and I…
Introduction We rarely think of facial movement. It is spontaneous and emotional as it morphs effortlessly from one mood and expression to the next. Facial palsy devastates normal function, often…
Based on the German version from Maik Sauer, Jena 2013 (Sauer M. 2013. Statische und dynamische Sonographie der mimischen Muskulatur bei Probanden und Patienten mit peripherer Fazialisparese – Erhebung geschlechtsspezifischer…
Introduction Features of a natural smile include spontaneity, symmetric simultaneous superolateral excursion of the oral commissure, appropriate orientation of the nasolabial fold, and symmetrical upper and lower teeth show. ,…
Periorbital Synkinesis Background Eyelid paralysis, related to facial nerve injury, is a debilitating condition that causes significant functional impairment and cosmetic disfigurement. The most common eyelid and ocular sequelae resulting…
Acknowledgement We thank Fabian Bachl and Jakob Hochreiter for recording and editing the EMG-Videos. Parts of the presented work were supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research…
