Introduction The hereditary retinal dystrophies are a group of disorders that exert their major effect on the retinal pigment epithelium–photoreceptor complex and choriocapillaris to cause a range of visual symptoms….

Definitions ◾ Retinal detachment (RD): separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the RPE, with the accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF). ◾ Rhegmatogenous RD: occurs when a full-thickness defect in…

Eyelids ◾ Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: used in the treatment of solid tumours and can cause: (a) trichomegaly, (b) blepharitis, (c) dry eye syndrome. ◾ Imatinib: used in the…

Muscae volitantes Muscae volitantes are extremely common tiny fly- or worm-like physiological opacities best seen by the patient against a pale background. They are thought to be predominantly composed of…

Terminology ◾ Uveitis: inflammation of the uveal tract. ◾ Anterior uveitis: iritis and iridocyclitis (iris and ciliary body). ◾ Intermediate uveitis: inflammation of the pars plana, the peripheral retina and…

Ocular Hypertension Introduction ◾ Intraocular pressure (IOP): this is determined by the balance between the rate of aqueous production and the rate of aqueous outflow. About 90% of the outflow…

Bacterial keratitis Pathogenesis ◾ Pathogens : most common are (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa , (b) S. aureus , (c) streptococci. ◾ Risk factors : (a) contact lens wear, (b) trauma, (c)…

Introduction ◾ Primary function : to focus light on the retina. ◾ Cataract (lens opacification) : is the commonest cause of reversible visual disability in the world. Phacoemulsification with intra-ocular…

Bacterial conjunctivitis Acute bacterial conjunctivitis Pathogenesis: direct eye contact with infected secretions. Most common isolates are S. pneumoniae , S. aureus , H. influenzae , and Moraxella catarrhalis ; uncommon,…

Ophthalmic history Before examining the eye, a thorough ophthalmic history should be taken. The history can be divided into the following basic categories of questioning: ◾ Main complaint: (a) rapidity…