KEY CONCEPTS • Corneal topography is an important tool for detecting corneal morphology, enabling both correct classification of keratoconus (KC) and detection of suspicious or initial patterns of the disease….

KEY CONCEPTS • Machine learning models have been used effectively in the diagnosis of keratoconus. • Machine learning models such as neural networks, decision trees, and support vector machines have…

KEY CONCEPTS • Inflammatory mediators are among the key contributing and modifiable factors in keratoconus (KC). • A significant increase in the inflammatory factors and immune components in the corneal…

KEY CONCEPTS • Pertinent medical (systemic and ocular) and family history must be elicited. • Many conditions can mimic keratoconus. These can be classified as ectatic and nonectatic disorders. •…

Introduction As advances in diagnosis and treatment of keratoconus emerge, classification and staging become essential to monitor progression of the disease and response to treatment. There is currently no consensus…

KEY CONCEPTS • Moderate and advanced stages of keratoconus are readily recognized, but the identification of milder or subclinical forms of this disease sometimes remains challenging. • The advent of…

KEY CONCEPTS • The progression of keratoconus is variable and is linked to environmental factors and eye-rubbing habits, as well as to multiple genes. • To date, there is no…

KEY CONCEPTS • Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disease with genetic susceptibility. • Genome-wide linkage studies have identified genes responsible for familial keratoconus. • A number of keratoconus genes are…