Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in Pediatric Patients with Keratoconus
KEY CONCEPTS Patients at risk of progression • Younger age (less than 17 years old) • Maximum keratometry greater than 55 D at time of diagnosis • Family history •…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments: Outcomes and Complications
KEY CONCEPTS • Intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRSs) reshape the cornea form by modifying its geometry, improving the patient’s corneal surface and leading to a best vision in the majority…
Keratoconus: Diagnosis and Management With Spectacles and Contact Lenses
KEY CONCEPTS • Retinoscopy can play an important role in keratoconus screening, because of its portability, affordability, sensitivity, and easy accessibility. • With progression in keratoconus, contact lenses are recommended…
Corneal Cross-Linking: Results and Complications
KEY CONCEPTS • The standard epithelium-off corneal cross-linking (CXL) protocol has the greatest body of evidence supporting its safety and efficacy in treating keratoconus and corneal ectasias. • The patient’s…
Surgical Planning in Keratoconus
KEY CONCEPTS • Before performing any refractive intervention in keratoconus, it is important to recognize the progressive nature of the disease and to treat appropriately. • The only surgical treatment…
Other Diagnostic Imaging Tools for Keratoconus
KEY CONCEPTS Diagnosis, refractive screening, and collagen cross-linking changes in keratoconus with: • Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and Corvis ST • Brillouin microscopy • Ex vivo assessment of corneal biomechanics….
Epithelial Thickness Mapping for Keratoconus Screening by VHF Digital Ultrasound or Anterior Segment OCT
KEY CONCEPTS • Epithelial thickness maps provide a higher sensitivity and specificity in the detection of keratoconus than topography and tomography alone. • Epithelial thickness maps may help identify keratoconus…
Confocal Microscopy
KEY CONCEPTS • Superficial corneal epithelium cells show an elongated shape in keratoconus patients. • Stromal corneal nerves are thicker in keratoconus patients. • After cross-linking treatment, stromal keratocytes become…
Scheimpflug Imaging for Keratoconus and Ectatic Disease
KEY CONCEPTS • Scheimpflug imaging provides a complete anterior segment analysis that is not possible with older Placido-based systems. • Imaging of the posterior cornea allows identification of subclinical keratoconus…
Ocular Wavefront Analysis
KEY CONCEPTS • Wavefront sensing has renewed interest in understanding and correcting ocular irregularities and improving human visual acuity. The different systems used to analyze wavefront aberrations of the eye…
