Bacterial conjunctivitis Acute bacterial conjunctivitis Pathogenesis: direct eye contact with infected secretions; most common isolates are S. pneumoniae , S. aureus , H. influenza , and Moraxella catarrhalis ; uncommon…

Muscae volitantes Muscae volitantes are extremely common minute fly- or worm-like physiological opacities best seen by the patient against a pale background. They are thought to be predominantly composed of…

Episcleritis Simple episcleritis Diagnosis • Presentation: acute onset of redness and mild discomfort. • Signs: hyperaemia may be sectoral (typically interpalpebral; Fig. 8.1 ) or diffuse. Fig 8.1 • Course:…

Keratoplasty Introduction • Classification: (a) partial (anterior or posterior lamellar) or (b) full-thickness (penetrating [PKP]). • Indications: (a) optical, (b) tectonic, (c) therapeutic, and (d) cosmetic. • Donor tissue: should…

Thyroid eye disease Pathogenesis: organ-specific autoimmune reaction in which a humoral agent (IgG antibody) produces inflammation and swelling of orbital tissue, especially extraocular muscles. It consists of an active inflammatory…

Acquired obstruction Primary punctal stenosis Causes: (a) idiopathic, (b) chronic marginal blepharitis, (c) herpetic (simplex, zoster) lid infection, and (d) conjunctival cicatrization. Diagnosis: narrow inferior punctum in the absence of…

Definitions • Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS): eye with some degree of dryness. • Xerophthalmia: dry eye associated with vitamin A deficiency. • Xerosis: extreme dryness with keratinization occurring secondary to severe…