Introduction Presbyopia refers to the decrease in accommodative capacity that accompanies aging. It occurs when an individual’s accommodative power is no longer able to allow for sustained and comfortable near-vision…

Introduction Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a refractive surgery procedure currently used to correct refractive errors in patients with myopia with or without astigmatism while the correction of presbyopia and…

Introduction Phakic intraocular lenses (PIOLs) have been used for many years as a backup for patients who cannot have laser refractive surgery. There are three different types of PIOLs: the…

Introduction The earliest attempts to expand the sclera in humans were performed in the mid-1980s and consisted of simple radial incisions in the sclera, similar to radial keratotomy (RK) of…

Introduction The use of radial and astigmatic keratotomy has declined over time as laser vision correction and cataract surgery with the implantation of toric intraocular lenses have gained popularity owing…

Introduction Conductive keratoplasty (CK) and laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) were originally conceived for the treatment of hyperopia by applying energy to the midperipheral cornea, causing the central cornea to become steeper….

Introduction Several methods of altering the anterior corneal curvature to modify the refractive status of the eye have been developed. In 1987, Reynolds began experimenting with implanted rings within the…

Introduction Phakic intraocular lenses (PIOLs) are implanted in phakic eyes. Piggyback IOL implantation involves the placement of two IOLs in the eye. Piggyback IOL implantation can be primary, by putting…

Introduction Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is highly appealing to patients and surgeons alike because of its minimally invasive and virtually painless nature. However, it is not free from potential complications….

Introduction The idea of removing the lens for refractive purposes dates back the 18th century. Abbé Desmonceaux was probably the first to propose such a surgery in France in 1776…