Ento Key

Introduction Over the last three decades it has been well documented that visual deprivation, especially when it occurs early in life, results in fundamental alterations of neural function across more…

Overview In many ways, primary visual cortex can be thought of as our mind’s eye. It sits at a pivotal location in our visual system, such that losing primary visual…

The lateral geniculate nucleus: the gateway to conscious visual perception Located one synapse from the retina, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus is the main link between eye…

The bulk of the retina’s computing hardware is located in the inner retina. Here, dozens of neural circuits allow the retina to detect subtle changes in brightness, contrast, color, and…

Introduction The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN) is the gateway through which visual information is transmitted from the retina to the cortex; therefore, conscious visual perception relies…

Introduction to the extrastriate cortex The goal in this chapter is to develop a basic understanding of the function of extrastriate cortex. This is a collection of brain regions concerned…

The ability to perceive color is a highly valued sensory capacity, and it has been a subject of experimental inquiry for over 200 years. Before the development of modern biological…

The pupil is a dynamic aperture that regulates the entry of light destined for the retina. Its usefulness is illustrated by the fact that it is a relatively conserved structure…

Overview Since the turn of this century, compelling evidence has emerged for a novel class of photoreceptors in the mammalian retina. These neurons are ganglion cells that express the photopigment…

Introduction The optic nerves carry the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and these axons transmit all the visual information from the inner retina to the brain. The retina and…