Genetics of Keratoconus
KEY CONCEPTS • Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disease with genetic susceptibility. • Genome-wide linkage studies have identified genes responsible for familial keratoconus. • A number of keratoconus genes are…
Pathophysiology of Keratoconus
KEY CONCEPTS • Keratoconus is described as a “multifactorial” condition, implying that many factors contribute to its causation, structural alterations, and progression. • The most important etiological association in keratoconus…
Keratoconus: Definitions
KEY CONCEPTS • Keratoconus (KC) is described as a condition in which the cornea assumes a conical shape with coinciding corneal stromal thinning inducing irregular astigmatism, myopia, and protrusion. •…
Epidemiology of Keratoconus
KEY CONCEPTS • Epidemiological studies describe the distribution of disease, identify factors that influence that distribution, and measure the impact and morbidity of disease in a defined population. • Population-based screening…
Keratoconus: A Brief History
The disorder now known as keratoconus has fascinated and perplexed clinicians for more than three centuries. Recognized as early as the 1700s, its pathophysiology remains both curious and frustrating, and,…
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Optic nerve Optic atrophy Classification ◾ Primary: occurs without antecedent swelling of the optic nerve head. It may be caused by lesions from the retrolaminar optic nerve to the lateral…
Ocular Tumours
Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis ◾ Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. ◾ Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal (…
Strabismus
Amblyopia Definition: unilateral, or rarely bilateral, subnormal best corrected visual acuity caused by form vision deprivation and/or abnormal binocular interaction, for which there is no identifiable pathology of the eye…
Retinal Vascular Disease
Diabetic retinopathy Introduction ◾ Prevalence: (a) the overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in individuals with diabetes is approximately 40%, (b) DR is more common in type 1 than in…
