KEY CONCEPTS • Corneal cross-linking (CXL) is a photopolymerization process using riboflavin as initiator or photo mediator. • In the cornea, oxygen and energy (ultraviolet light) are consumed during this…
KEY CONCEPTS • Both anterior and posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PIOL) are safe and effective options for visual rehabilitation in patients with stable, mild-moderate keratoconus (KC). • In cases…
KEY CONCEPTS • Placido-based corneal topography and Scheimpflug anterior segment optical tomography are long-established valuable technologies widely used in clinical practice and refractive surgery screening protocols. • With the combination…
KEY CONCEPTS Patients at risk of progression • Younger age (less than 17 years old) • Maximum keratometry greater than 55 D at time of diagnosis • Family history •…
KEY CONCEPTS • Intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRSs) reshape the cornea form by modifying its geometry, improving the patient’s corneal surface and leading to a best vision in the majority…
KEY CONCEPTS • Retinoscopy can play an important role in keratoconus screening, because of its portability, affordability, sensitivity, and easy accessibility. • With progression in keratoconus, contact lenses are recommended…
KEY CONCEPTS • The standard epithelium-off corneal cross-linking (CXL) protocol has the greatest body of evidence supporting its safety and efficacy in treating keratoconus and corneal ectasias. • The patient’s…
KEY CONCEPTS • Before performing any refractive intervention in keratoconus, it is important to recognize the progressive nature of the disease and to treat appropriately. • The only surgical treatment…
KEY CONCEPTS Diagnosis, refractive screening, and collagen cross-linking changes in keratoconus with: • Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and Corvis ST • Brillouin microscopy • Ex vivo assessment of corneal biomechanics….
KEY CONCEPTS • Superficial corneal epithelium cells show an elongated shape in keratoconus patients. • Stromal corneal nerves are thicker in keratoconus patients. • After cross-linking treatment, stromal keratocytes become…
