Ento Key

Introduction The optical properties of the ocular lens are a critical determinant of overall vision quality. As a transparent specialized epithelial tissue, the lens contributes to the overall and dynamic…

Introduction The extraocular muscles (EOM) are a complex group of skeletal muscles located within the bony orbit. They function in a highly coordinated manner to perform conjugate eye movements, maintain…

Introduction The brain controls the eyes to ensure optimal visual acuity as we navigate our environment throughout our daily lives. First, we make voluntary eye movements to explore our visual…

Introduction The vitreous body is the largest single structure of the human eye, comprising approximately 80% of the eye’s volume ( Fig. 6.1 ). Anteriorly, it is delineated by and…

Introduction Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an essential feature of the eye. It influences the shape and curvature of the globe, thus indirectly affecting the eye’s optical performance. The pressure is…

Introduction The predominant function of the retina is to transmit light impulse–converted nerve signals from the retina to the brain, thereby forming an interpreted image. Light waves initially enter the…

Introduction Several barriers protect the eye from exogenous compounds that may exert toxic reactions in the eye. These barriers can be classified anatomically into three groups. First, the eye is…

Introduction The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigmented cells located between the light-sensitive photoreceptor outer segments and the fenestrated endothelium of the choriocapillaris. On both sides, specialized…

Introduction For centuries it has been known that the eyes are capable of rotating in three dimensions (3D): horizontally (left-right), vertically (up-down), and torsionally (clockwise-counterclockwise, which for now we can…

The young eye Primate and human infants must normally pass head first through their mother’s pelvis to accommodate the limited opening determined by the bony configuration. Therefore, the size of…