Ento Key

1. What is the differential diagnosis of exotropia? • Congenital exotropia • Sensory exotropia • Third-nerve palsy • Duane’s syndrome • Craniofacial abnormalities with divergent orbit (e.g., Apert’s syndrome or…

1. What is an esodeviation? A convergent deviation, noted by crossing or in-turning of the eyes, is designated by the prefix eso . 2. What are the different types of…

1. How are forced ductions performed? Before beginning surgery, place an eyelid speculum in both eyes. Using one- or two-toothed forceps, grasp the conjunctiva at the limbus. Move the eye…

1. What muscles control the size of the pupil? Describe their innervation. The iris sphincter muscle causes pupillary constriction and is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. The iris dilator…

1. A young woman complains of headaches. Her vision is 20/20 in each eye with no evidence of afferent pupillary defect. She has a bitemporal visual-field cut. What do you…

1. What is diplopia? Diplopia is a condition in which the patient perceives two images of a single object. Diplopia may be monocular or binocular, constant or intermittent. Check if…

1. What is optic neuritis? Optic neuritis is any inflammation of the optic nerve. It may be idiopathic or associated with systemic disease. 2. Which systemic diseases are associated with…

1. What are the indications for trabeculectomy surgery? Trabeculectomy is indicated when neither medical nor laser therapy sufficiently controls glaucoma progression and that progression is likely to diminish a patient’s…