Microtia Reconstruction
Key Points ▪ Microtia is a congenital anomaly of the ear that occurs in about 0.03% of live births. It is estimated that at least half of these patients have…
Laryngopharyngeal and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Key Points ▪ Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may play a role in promoting subglottic injury, and treatment for GERD should be considered in coordination with laryngotracheal reconstruction. ▪ Eosinophilic esophagitis…
Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion
Key Points ▪ The presence or absence of signs and symptoms and findings on the otoscopic examination provides the basis for diagnosis of the different types of otitis media. ▪…
Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Key Points ▪ Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in children has a negative impact on quality of life. ▪ Distinction between adenoiditis and CRS in children is difficult because of similar symptoms…
Congenital Malformations of the Nose and Nasopharynx
Key Points ▪ Most congenital nasal lesions occur secondary to developmental errors in one of three embryologic zones: the anterior neuropore, the central midface, or the nasobuccal membrane. ▪ Encephaloceles,…
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Key Points ▪ Velopharyngeal inadequacy refers to any type of dysfunction and may be categorized as insufficiency, incompetence, or mislearning. ▪ “Phoneme-specific” or “sound-specific” velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) involves abnormal production…
Early Detection and Diagnosis of Infant Hearing Impairment
Key Points ▪ The most common causes of congenital hearing loss in infants without apparent risk factors are asymptomatic congenital human cytomegalovirus infection and recessive genetic hearing loss. ▪ Single-stage…
Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Key Points ▪ Sleep-disordered breathing is an important cause of morbidity in children and may lead to growth failure, neurocognitive and behavioral abnormalities, cardiovascular dysfunction, and rarely death. ▪ Workup…
General Considerations in Pediatric Otolaryngology
Key Points ▪ Children are physiologically different from adults. Familiarity with these differences is required for safe management of the medical and surgical problems of children. ▪ Providing optimal pediatric…
Developmental Anatomy
Key Points ▪ Head and neck anatomy is divided into fascial layers and triangles or levels, which serve as organizational units to manage the volume of anatomic detail in the…
