Direct Ocular Injury (Nonpenetrating and/or Nonperforating) Berlin’s Edema (Commotio Retinae) Berlin’s edema or so-called commotio retinae is a zonal area of retinal whitening due to outer photoreceptor disruption and retinal…
White Dot Syndromes Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is an acute inflammatory disorder in which patients present with unilateral, multiple, small, white spots…
Epiretinal Membrane An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a fibrocellular proliferation occurring on the retinal surface, most commonly in the macular region. ERMs typically occur following a spontaneous partial or complete…
A number of retinal abnormalities are limited to the pediatric setting. These include congenital and hereditary abnormalities. While many of these disorders are reviewed in Chapter 2 , this pediatric…
Key Points ▪ Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular malformations and vascular tumors . ▪ The molecular mechanisms that give rise to vascular anomalies result from disordered angiogenesis and vasculogenesis….
Key Points ▪ Craniofacial anomalies occur in as many as 1 in 500 to 1000 live births for cleft lip and palate, 1 in 2000 for isolated craniosynostosis, and 1…
Key Points ▪ Lymphomas are the most common head and neck malignancies in children, followed by retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, thyroid cancer, and melanoma. ▪ Hodgkin lymphoma is the predominant malignant…
Key Points ▪ Initial evaluation of a child with noisy breathing involves assessment of phase and character of noisy breathing; distress in relation to states of sleep, wakefulness, and feeding;…
