Pediatrics
A number of retinal abnormalities are limited to the pediatric setting. These include congenital and hereditary abnormalities. While many of these disorders are reviewed in Chapter 2 , this pediatric…
Vascular Anomalies of the Head and Neck
Key Points ▪ Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular malformations and vascular tumors . ▪ The molecular mechanisms that give rise to vascular anomalies result from disordered angiogenesis and vasculogenesis….
Craniofacial Surgery for Congenital and Acquired Deformities
Key Points ▪ Craniofacial anomalies occur in as many as 1 in 500 to 1000 live births for cleft lip and palate, 1 in 2000 for isolated craniosynostosis, and 1…
Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies
Key Points ▪ Lymphomas are the most common head and neck malignancies in children, followed by retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, thyroid cancer, and melanoma. ▪ Hodgkin lymphoma is the predominant malignant…
Evaluation and Management of the Pediatric Airway
Key Points ▪ Initial evaluation of a child with noisy breathing involves assessment of phase and character of noisy breathing; distress in relation to states of sleep, wakefulness, and feeding;…
Congenital Malformations of the Inner Ear
Key Points ▪ In congenital sensorineural hearing loss, approximately 20% of inner ears demonstrate a radiographically detectable abnormality. ▪ Many patterns of deformity appear to result from disturbance in the…
Salivary Gland Disease in Children
Key Points ▪ Most salivary gland lesions in children have an inflammatory origin. ▪ Accurate diagnosis of salivary gland disorders depends on a thorough history and a good physical examination….
Voice Disorders
Key Points ▪ Evaluation and management of voice disorders in children may be more challenging because of their inability to cooperate, lack of awareness of the problem, and lack of…
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Key Points ▪ Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a devastating albeit rare disease in which papillomas of the airway cause hoarseness and airway obstruction. ▪ The disease is caused by…
