Ento Key

Retinal Circulation Arterial system • The central retinal artery , an end artery, enters the optic nerve approximately 1 cm behind the globe. It is composed of three anatomical layers: ○…

Classification The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group guidance on uveitis terminology, endorsed by the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG), categorizes uveitis anatomically ( Fig. 11.1 ): • Anterior…

Benign Epibulbar Tumours Conjunctival naevus Introduction A conjunctival naevus is the most common melanocytic conjunctival tumour; the overall risk of malignant transformation is less than 1%. Treatment by excision is…

Introduction Anatomical landmarks The macula ( Fig. 14.1A ) is a round area at the posterior pole, lying inside the temporal vascular arcades. It measures between 5 and 6 mm in…

Introduction Anatomy of the peripheral retina Pars plana The ciliary body starts 1 mm from the limbus and extends posteriorly for about 6 mm. The anterior 2 mm consist of the pars plicata,…

Introduction General The hereditary fundus dystrophies are a group of disorders that commonly exert their major effect on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)–photoreceptor complex and the choriocapillaris to cause a…

Introduction Aqueous production Aqueous humour is produced from plasma by the ciliary epithelium of the ciliary body pars plicata, using a combination of active and passive secretion. A high-protein filtrate…

Eyelid Trauma Periocular haematoma A ‘black eye’, consisting of a haematoma (focal collection of blood) and/or periocular ecchymosis (diffuse bruising) and oedema ( Fig. 21.1A ) is the most common…

Introduction Definitions • The visual axis passes from the fovea, through the nodal point of the eye, to the point of fixation. In normal binocular single vision (BSV) the visual…

Cornea Vortex keratopathy (cornea verticillata) Clinical features In approximately chronological order: • Fine golden-brown opacities form an irregular horizontal line in the lower corneal epithelium of both eyes, similar to…