Functional and Surgical Anatomy of the Lacrimal System Sanja G. Cypen, MD AFFERENT LACRIMAL SYSTEM The afferent lacrimal system is responsible for tear production. Tears are produced constantly at a…
Functional and Surgical Anatomy of the Eyelids Alexander J. Altman, MD Jason Liss, MD SURFACE ANATOMY Normal adult eyelids, when open, should form an elliptical fissure that is 8 to…
Fundamental Surgical Technique Jane S. Kim, MD INTRODUCTION The goal of any oculoplastic procedure is to correct the underlying physical abnormality while achieving excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes. This requires…
Nature of Incomitant Deviations In some deviations, strabismus or heterophoria, the angle of the deviation varies as the patient moves the eyes to look in different parts of the field….
The previous chapters have described techniques that can be used to investigate and treat strabismus. This chapter provides a clinical guide on how these methods should be applied to different…
When to Treat Comitant Strabismus The first stage in the investigation of strabismus is to discover whether there is any pathological cause for the strabismus. If pathology is present, the…
Microtropia ( Lang, 1966 ), or microsquint, may be found as an apparently primary condition, or may be present as a residual deviation after the treatment of a larger strabismus….
Amblyopia Definition Hippocrates in 400 BCE described amblyopia as ‘when the doctor and patient see nothing’ ( Day, 1997 ). Lyle and Wybar (1967) defined amblyopia as ‘a condition of…
The preceding chapters on various heterophoric anomalies have described the general outlines for the management of these conditions. This chapter gives details of particular exercises which may be fitted into…
