The da Vinci® system: technology and surgical analysis
The aim of this chapter is to provide some details about the technology involved in the da Vinci® surgical manipulator system. It does not claim either to be a user…
Fundamentals of surgical robotics
Regardless of purpose, robotics fundamentally describes a combination of mechanics, sensors, electronics and software. Since surgical manipulators can be extremely specific depending of their intended application, it is not possible…
Surgical navigation in ENT
The craniofacial region is a complex association of bone structures and soft tissue through which numerous essential neurovascular and sensory structures pass. Remodeling by pathologic processes and previous treatments often…
Principles and concepts of surgical navigation
Computer-assisted surgery consists in using the calculation power, data storage and graphic display capabilities of microcomputers to make a real-time match between the spatial coordinates of sensors affixed onto an…
Using the past to understand the present: A short history of digital guidance in ENT
From stereotactic frames to image-guided surgery B. Lombard In the history of medicine, the advent of a new technology has often heralded a leap forward, either by enhancing the physician’s perceptual…
The Visual Field
Introduction and historical background Perimetry and visual field testing have been used as diagnostic procedures for evaluation of visual function for approximately 200 years. A historical review of these techniques…
Visual Acuity
Visual acuity is a measure of the keenness of sight. The Egyptians used the ability to distinguish double stars as a measure of visual acuity more than 5000 years ago….
Developmental Visual Deprivation
Introduction The vision of newborn infants is crude. As infants experience the normal visual environment, their vision rapidly improves, with different visual capabilities emerging at different ages. Determining the exact…
Binocular Vision
Introduction “No question relating to vision has been so much debated as the cause of the single appearance of objects seen by both eyes” (Charles Wheatstone, 1838 ) The question…
Temporal Properties of Vision
Our visual perception arises from the interpretation of light information, which varies in space, wavelength, and time. It is the latter of these attributes that is explored in this chapter….
