Developmental Anatomy

Jul 15, 2019 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Developmental Anatomy

Key Points ▪ Head and neck anatomy is divided into fascial layers and triangles or levels, which serve as organizational units to manage the volume of anatomic detail in the…

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Nonobstructive Pediatric Sleep Disorders

Jul 15, 2019 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Nonobstructive Pediatric Sleep Disorders

Key Points ▪ Although pediatric obstructive sleep apnea gets the majority of clinical attention, nonobstructive sleep disorders are also common and can have a significant negative effect on sleep in…

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Neuro-ophthalmology

Jul 11, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Neuro-ophthalmology

Optic nerve Table 19.1 Signs of optic nerve dysfunction • Reduced VA • Relative afferent pupillary defect • Dyschromatopsia: impairment of colour vision, mainly red and green • Diminished light…

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Uveitis

Jul 11, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Uveitis

Terminology • Uveitis: inflammation of the uveal tract. • Anterior uveitis: iritis and iridocyclitis (iris and ciliary body). • Intermediate uveitis: inflammation of the pars plana, the peripheral retina, and…

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Eyelids

Jul 11, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Eyelids

Benign nodules and cysts Chalazion (meibomian cyst) Definition: very common chronic sterile inflammation of a meibomian gland that may resolve spontaneously. Diagnosis • Signs: (a) gradually enlarging tarsal nodule (…

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Ocular tumours

Jul 11, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Ocular tumours

Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis • Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. • Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal (…

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Cornea

Jul 11, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Cornea

Bacterial keratitis Pathogenesis • Pathogens: most common are (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa , (b) S. aureus , and (c) streptococci. • Risk factors: (a) contact lens wear, (b) trauma, and (c)…

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