Key Points ▪ Children are physiologically different from adults. Familiarity with these differences is required for safe management of the medical and surgical problems of children. ▪ Providing optimal pediatric…
Key Points ▪ Head and neck anatomy is divided into fascial layers and triangles or levels, which serve as organizational units to manage the volume of anatomic detail in the…
Key Points ▪ Although pediatric obstructive sleep apnea gets the majority of clinical attention, nonobstructive sleep disorders are also common and can have a significant negative effect on sleep in…
Key Points ▪ When anesthetic risk is correlated with age, children younger than 1 month of age are at the highest risk for adverse events during any procedure. The greatest…
Optic nerve Table 19.1 Signs of optic nerve dysfunction • Reduced VA • Relative afferent pupillary defect • Dyschromatopsia: impairment of colour vision, mainly red and green • Diminished light…
Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis • Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. • Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal (…
Age-related macular degeneration Introduction • Definition: degeneration affecting the macula; characterized by drusen and RPE changes, and sometimes CNV. • Classification: non-exudative (‘dry’)—most common, and exudative (‘wet’); the latter is…
