Ophthalmic and Orbital Testing

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Ophthalmic and Orbital Testing

1. What is the electroretinogram? The electroretinogram (ERG) is a recording of the electrical discharges from the retina elicited by a flash of light. This response is secondary to transretinal…

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Optics and Refraction

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Optics and Refraction

1. What is the primary focal point (F 1 )? The primary focal point is the point along the optical axis at which an object must be placed for parallel…

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Color Vision

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Color Vision

1. What are photons? Atoms consist of a nucleus (composed of protons and neutrons) and electrons, which revolve around the nucleus in orbits of more or less fixed diameter. An…

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Visual Fields

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Visual Fields

1. What are the main types of visual-field tests? • Confrontation visual fields • Kinetic perimetry • Static perimetry • Amsler grids 2. How are confrontation fields used in practice?…

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Anatomy of the Orbit and Eyelid

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Anatomy of the Orbit and Eyelid

Orbit 1. Name the bones of the orbit (see Fig. 2-1 ). • Medial wall: Sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary • Lateral wall: Zygomatic, greater wing of the sphenoid • Roof:…

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Clinical Anatomy of the Eye

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Clinical Anatomy of the Eye

I General 1. Name the seven bones that make up the bony orbit and describe which location is most prone to damage in an orbital blow-out fracture. The seven orbital…

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Corneal Dystrophies

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Corneal Dystrophies

1. What are corneal dystrophies? Corneal dystrophies are bilateral, inherited, noninflammatory, commonly progressive alterations of the cornea that are usually not associated with any other systemic condition. Most corneal dystrophies…

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The Red Eye

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on The Red Eye

II Cornea and external diseases 1. Name the main causes of a red eye. • Conjunctivitis • Episcleritis • Subconjunctival hemorrhage • Scleritis • Corneal disease and trauma • Dry…

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Corneal Infections

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Corneal Infections

1. What is a corneal ulcer? Infections of the cornea involve the epithelium and/or stroma. Some infections may occur strictly within the epithelium (i.e., herpes simplex epithelial keratitis), whereas others…

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Dry Eyes

Jul 8, 2019 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Dry Eyes

1. What is the definition of dry eye? A dry eye, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition in which the tear film is abnormal and cannot lubricate the anterior surface…

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