Age-related macular degeneration Introduction • Definition: degeneration affecting the macula; characterized by drusen and RPE changes, and sometimes CNV. • Classification: non-exudative (‘dry’)—most common, and exudative (‘wet’); the latter is…
Generalized photoreceptor dystrophies Retinitis pigmentosa Genetics: Typical retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinal dystrophies initially mainly affecting the rod photoreceptor cells and subsequently cones (rod–cone dystrophy). It can…
Definitions • Retinal detachment (RD): separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the RPE, with the accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF). • Rhegmatogenous RD: occurs when a full-thickness defect in…
Amblyopia Definition: unilateral, or rarely bilateral, subnormal best corrected VA caused by form vision deprivation and/or abnormal binocular interaction, for which there is no identifiable pathology of the eye or…
Cornea Vortex keratopathy (cornea verticillata) • Signs: (a) fine greyish or golden-brown opacities in the inferior corneal epithelium, (b) progressing to a whorl-like pattern that originates from a point below…
Bacterial conjunctivitis Acute bacterial conjunctivitis Pathogenesis: direct eye contact with infected secretions; most common isolates are S. pneumoniae , S. aureus , H. influenza , and Moraxella catarrhalis ; uncommon…
Muscae volitantes Muscae volitantes are extremely common minute fly- or worm-like physiological opacities best seen by the patient against a pale background. They are thought to be predominantly composed of…
