Ento Key

Eyelid trauma Periocular haematoma • A ‘black eye,’ consisting of a haematoma (focal collection of blood) and/or periocular ecchymosis (diffuse bruising) and oedema, is a very common result of blunt…

Ocular hypertension Diagnosis • Normal IOP: mean IOP in the general population is 16 mm Hg; two standard deviations to either side of this gives a ‘normal’ IOP range of 11–21 mm…

Generalized photoreceptor dystrophies Retinitis pigmentosa Genetics: Typical retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinal dystrophies initially mainly affecting the rod photoreceptor cells and subsequently cones (rod–cone dystrophy). It can…

Definitions • Retinal detachment (RD): separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the RPE, with the accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF). • Rhegmatogenous RD: occurs when a full-thickness defect in…

Amblyopia Definition: unilateral, or rarely bilateral, subnormal best corrected VA caused by form vision deprivation and/or abnormal binocular interaction, for which there is no identifiable pathology of the eye or…

Cornea Vortex keratopathy (cornea verticillata) • Signs: (a) fine greyish or golden-brown opacities in the inferior corneal epithelium, (b) progressing to a whorl-like pattern that originates from a point below…

Acquired cataract Age-related cataract • Subcapsular ( Fig. 9.1 ): (a) anterior lies directly under the lens capsule, and (b) posterior lies just in front of the posterior capsule and…

Bacterial conjunctivitis Acute bacterial conjunctivitis Pathogenesis: direct eye contact with infected secretions; most common isolates are S. pneumoniae , S. aureus , H. influenza , and Moraxella catarrhalis ; uncommon…

Muscae volitantes Muscae volitantes are extremely common minute fly- or worm-like physiological opacities best seen by the patient against a pale background. They are thought to be predominantly composed of…

Episcleritis Simple episcleritis Diagnosis • Presentation: acute onset of redness and mild discomfort. • Signs: hyperaemia may be sectoral (typically interpalpebral; Fig. 8.1 ) or diffuse. Fig 8.1 • Course:…