Ento Key

Radiofrequency (RF) energy has been used in medicine for numerous applications, including cutting tissue, vessel coagulation, and tissue volume reduction. There are unipolar, bipolar, and even multipolar devices in use…

1 Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) results from a complex scenario initiated with airway collapse and obstruction, loss of compensatory wake and sleep reflexes, increased ventilatory effort, arousal, hypoventilation,…

1 Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multi-factorial disorder where state-dependent loss of upper airway muscle tone and neuromuscular dysfunction result in cyclical upper airway obstruction during sleep. Hypoglossal…

1 Introduction Sleep-disordered breathing results from a combination of factors affecting upper airway patency and the control of ventilation. Although the mechanisms underlying upper airway collapse are incompletely understood, a…

1 Introduction For the clinician and surgeon treating patients with obstructed sleep apnea and related maladies, the retrolingual airway is of great importance. This area, often difficult to examine and…

1 Introduction The uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), as described by Fujita in 1981, marked a breakthrough for the evolving field of sleep surgery. However, the procedure’s limited success and cure of obstructive…

1 Introduction A narrow upper airway is one of the main causes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), which ablates both the two tonsils and part of the redundant…

1 Introduction Snoring results from the vibration of the soft tissues in the oral cavity: the soft palate, uvula, tonsils, base of tongue, epiglottis, and lateral pharyngeal walls. These may…

1 Introduction It became clear at the dawn of the third millennium that the real origin of obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB), snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) was the…

As we trace the advancements of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) surgery, it is important to realize that tongue base surgery has remained a challenge. Traditional hypopharyngeal/tongue base procedures for OSA…