Ento Key

Retinal Arteriole Diameter Overview Progressive optic nerve damage (glaucomatous or nonglaucomatous) is associated with focal narrowing of the retinal arterioles and is proportional to the stage of the optic neuropathy.1,2,3…

Parapapillary Chorioretinal Atrophy Overview Parapapillary atrophy (PPA)1 is more frequently observed in patients with glaucoma than in those with ocular hypertension and normal individuals.2,3 The incidence of PPA has been…

Optic Disc Hemorrhages Overview Optic disc hemorrhages have relatively high specificity but relatively low sensitivity for glaucoma.1 These disc hemorrhages can be easily missed in routine clinical examinations,2 have proven…

Central Retinal Vessel Trunk Location Overview The distance between the central retinal vessel trunk exit location and the neuroretinal rim may contribute to the vulnerability of associated glaucomatous neuroretinal rim…

Neuroretinal Rim Size, Shape, and Perfusion Overview A careful evaluation of the neuroretinal rim is critical in diagnosing early glaucoma, monitoring for glaucomatous progression, and differentiating between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous…

Optic Cup Size In Relation to The Optic Disc Size Overview Always consider the size of the optic disc when evaluating the size of the optic cup.1 Pearls Optic cup…

Optic Cup Shape and Depth Overview The normal shape of the optic disc is slightly vertically oval, whereas the shape of the optic cup (the excavation in the optic disc)…

Optic Disc Shape Overview The normal shape of the optic disc is slightly vertically oval.1 Pearls Vertical disc diameter is about 7%-10% larger than the horizontal disc diameter. Maximal disc…

Optic Disc Size Overview Careful and systematic evaluation of the optic nerve for glaucoma first begins with accurately determining the size of the optic disc. Correcting for optic disc size…