Fig. 9.1. Pharynx and parapharyngeal space, posterior view.The cervical spine, spinal cord, and cerebellum have been removed. Fig. 9.2. Inferior part of the pharynx and parapharyngeal space, posterior view.Fig. 9.3. Detailed view of the superior part of the parapharyngeal space, posterior view.Fig. 9.4. Superior part of the parapharyngeal space on the left side, posterior view.The superior cervical ganglion has been retracted laterally. Fig. 9.5. Detailed view of the superior part of the parapharyngeal space, left side.The superior cervical ganglion and the vagus nerve have been retracted laterally to expose the internal and external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve. Fig. 9.6. Detailed view of the superior part of the parapharyngeal space and part of the infratemporal fossa, posterior view, left side.The accessory nerve has been retracted laterally. The pharynx has been divided at the level of the hyoid bone and has been opened posteriorly in midline. Fig. 9.7. Detailed view of the right parapharyngeal space, posterolateral view.The internal carotid artery has been retracted posteriorly to expose the carotid bifurcation. Fig. 9.8. Carotid bifurcation, lateral view, right side.Fig. 9.9. Anterior cervical region and carotid bifurcation, anterolateral view, left side.Fig. 9.10. Pharynx and parapharyngeal space, posterior view.The posterior wall of the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus has been opened.
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