Neonatal conjunctivitis is defined as conjunctivitis presenting before 1 month of age (Fig. 6.1).¹ Generally, it can be divided into noninfectious and infectious categories. The most common noninfectious cause is a chemical conjunctivitis induced by silver nitrate solution used for prophylaxis against infectious conjunctivitis. Bacterial, chlamydial, and viral infections are major causes of infectious neonatal conjunctivitis; chlamydia is the most common in developed countries.²,³,⁴,⁵ In developing countries as well as in the intensive care units, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus are reported as the most common bacterium.⁶,⁷,⁸,⁹,¹⁰,¹¹,¹²,¹³ Other infectious agents that the infant may acquire as it passes through the birth canal include, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Haemophilus spp., Neisseria gonorrhea, and herpes simplex.² The time of onset of the conjunctivitis as well as conjunctival scraping can aid in the diagnosis of the specific etiology of the neonatal conjunctivitis (Table 6-1). Risk factors such as premature rupture of membranes for more than 12 hours, prolonged labor, a history of midwife interference probably contributed to the prevalence of conjunctivitis.⁶,¹⁴