10.1

Opisthotonos

From Kliegman RM, St Geme JW 3rd. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21 ^st ed. Elsevier; 2020: p. 3058

• 1.
  

  Clinical feature: whole spinal extension posture. Depending on the severity of spine extension level, back extensor muscles are targeted.

  
  
• 2.
  

  Botulinum toxin injection: bilaterally. Target muscles at each spinal level.

  
  
  
  
  • a.
    

    Cervical level extensors: semispinalis capitis and cervicis (1-5 & 1-6), splenius capitis and cervicis (1-7 & 1-8), and longissimus capitis and cervicis (1-9 & 1-10).

    
    
  • b.
    

    Thoracic level extensors: several parathoracic spinal extensors (2-2)

    
    
  • c.
    

    Lumbar level extensors: several paralumbar spinal extensors (2-2).

  
  

10.2

Scoliosis

From Herring JA. Chapter 12 – Scoliosis, Tachdjian’s Pediatric Orthopaedics. 5 ^th ed. Elsevier/Saunders; 2014

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