8.1
Abductor hallucis
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Surface anatomy : Medial side of the foot.
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Origin : Tuberosity of calcaneus and flexor retinaculum.
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Insertion : Base of the medial side of the proximal phalanges of the great toe.
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Function : Abduction the great toe.
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Motor point (MP) 32,33 : Midpoint (just inferior to the navicular tuberosity) between heel end (A) and medial side of first metatarsal bone (B).
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Injection tip : The motor point is superficial.
8.2
Adductor hallucis (transvers)
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Surface anatomy : The deepest muscle of the foot intrinsic muscles (the third layer muscles).
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Origin : Metatarsophalangeal joints of the lateral three toes (third to fifth).
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Insertion : Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanges of the great toe.
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Function : Adduction the great toe.
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Motor point (MP) : Midpoint between medial base of the great toe (A) and the lateral base of the fifth toe (B).
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Injection tip : Approach from the sole.
8.3
Adductor hallucis (oblique)
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Surface anatomy : The deepest muscle of the foot intrinsic muscles (the third layer muscles). Oblique head is deep to flexor digitorum brevis muscle and it is difficult to be identified superficially.
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Origin : Middle three metatarsal bones.
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Insertion : Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanges of the great toe.
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Function : Adduction the great toe.
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Motor point (MP) : Midpoint between medial base of the great toe (A) and the lateral head of the fifth metatarsal bone (B).
8.4
Flexor digitorum brevis
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