© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
George N. Papaliodis (ed.)Uveitis10.1007/978-3-319-09126-6_4242. Uveitis in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
(1)
Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, 12th Floor Retina Service, Boston, MA 02114, USA
Keywords
Granulomatosis with polyangiitisWegener’sNecrotizing vasculitisUveitisIntroduction
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) (previously Wegener’s granulomatosis) is part of the spectrum of systemic necrotizing vasculiites. It is a rare systemic inflammatory disease with necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of the small-to-medium sized vessels. The disease usually manifests in adults but rare cases have been reported in the pediatric population [1]. GPA can affect any organ, but most commonly affects the sinuses and lungs (respiratory tract), kidneys, and the eye [2]. The granulomatosis is characterized by necrosis and thrombosis of the vessels.
Ocular Manifestations
Ophthalmologic disease is the manifesting feature of GPA in 8–16 % of patients but develops in an estimated 50–60 % of patients [4]. Orbital disease (30 %), episcleritis, scleritis, and conjunctivitis are the most common ophthalmological manifestations of GPA. Uveal involvement and granulomatous sclerouveitis are less common presentations. Uveitis (including anterior and posterior involvement) accounts for less than 10 %, and retinal involvement accounts for less than 5 % of ocular manifestations of GPA [5].
Anterior, posterior, and panuveitis have all been described in isolation or is associated with scleritis in GPA. The majority of uveitis in GPA is an anterior uveitis (70 % of uveitis cases) and more commonly occurs synchronously with anterior scleritis [6]. Anterior uveitis can be acute, granulomatous, or chronic with relapsing phases and may induce cystoid macular edema [7]. Clinical examination may range from mild ocular injection to significant inflammation with mutton fat keratic precipitates and substantial synechiae.