Clinical Findings

The clinical features of the cases involved in this study are summarized in Table 1 . Among the 12 cases, 7 patients were female and 5 were male. The mean age at presentation was 77 years. The right eye was affected in 4 cases and the left in 8. The upper eyelid was involved in 7 patients ( Figure 1 , Top left and Top right) and the lower in 5 ( Figure 1 , Middle left and Middle right). The tumor initially presented as a discrete mass or eyelid nodule in 7 patients, while diffuse eyelid thickening was initially seen in 3 patients and was usually associated with conjunctival hyperemia. One patient had a subconjunctival multinodular protruberant growth ( Figure 1 , Top right), another had blunt papillary projections of the palpebral conjunctiva ( Figure 1 , Middle right), and another developed a neglected, ulcerated lesion with crusting and madarosis ( Figure 1 , Bottom left and Bottom right); all these tumors had a vaguely yellow hue. An unbiopsied preauricular lymph node enlargement was detected in only 1 patient. One patient had had colonic carcinoma resected 5 years earlier. The median number of surgical procedures per patient was 2 (range of 1-4); the median number of specimens obtained for each patient over the entire course of his or her disease was 9 (range of 1-21). Six cases were initially misdiagnosed as chalazion, blepharitis, basal cell carcinoma, and/or squamous cell carcinoma before the final diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma was eventually made. Local recurrences occurred in 5 cases. The mean length of follow-up was 35 months. Ten patients are alive without disease and 2 have died of causes unrelated to their tumors.

Clinical features of invasive sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids. (Top left) A 72-year-old man with a history of colon cancer, melanoma of the back, and basal cell carcinoma of various sites of non-eyelid skin developed over 3 months in the medial left upper lid a 10 × 10-mm, mildly erythematous nodule. The overlying skin is tense and shiny. There was an associated unbiopsied enlarged left preauricular lymph node. (Top right) Subconjunctival noneroded portion of the lesion displays an irregular surface projecting from the tarsal conjunctiva. The patient probably has undiagnosed Muir-Torre syndrome (case courtesy of Suzanne Freitag). (Middle left) In a span of 2-3 months, a 91-year-old man developed a yellowish, corrugated mass at the left lower eyelid margin that extended onto the tarsal conjunctiva. The eyelid is distorted with a tumor-induced ectropion. (Middle right) Moderate crusting along the eyelid margin arose from the pooling of tears, secretions, and cellular debris. The patient underwent full resection of the involved lateral left lower eyelid with conjunctival map biopsies that were negative (case courtesy of Gary Borodic). (Bottom left) Lateral view of a 97-year-old man who first noted a discrete mass in the right upper lid 2 years previously. A biopsy revealed sebaceous cell carcinoma but the patient refused any further surgical intervention. The tumor continued to enlarge rapidly over 1½ years to obstruct vision (20/200 in the involved eye, with the head tilted back and the eyelid lifted up). (Bottom right) The mass measured 3.5 × 3.5 × 3 cm. There is advanced crusting of the polypoidal, raw tarsal surface; there was an associated purulent and blood-tinged discharge. A wide local excision permitted retention of ocular motility, restoration of vision, and preservation of levator function after eyelid reconstruction. The patient died 6 months later of cardiac disease without known regional or distant metastases (case courtesy of Suzanne Freitag).

Histopathologic Findings

The gross specimens consisted of a variety of tissue types from the different cases at initial surgery or upon recurrences. They encompassed biopsies, partial- or full-thickness eyelid resections, additional strips of tissue to assess adequacy of surgical margins, and biopsies of nodules and small biopsies of conjunctiva performed to map out the extent of intraepithelial tumor. The main histopathologic features are summarized in Table 2 . Out of a total of 44 tumor-positive specimens, only 24 are listed in Table 2 . These are the most representative specimens from surgeries done on each case. Of these 44 tumor-positive specimens (out of 119 removed from the patients), 24 displayed both infiltrative growth and intraepithelial (“pagetoid”) spread, 12 had infiltrative growth only, and 8 had intraepithelial spread only. Since each patient had more than 1 kind of tissue result, the summary per patient is that 8 had both infiltrative and intraepithelial growth within their accumulated specimens throughout the full course of their disease (including recurrences), 3 manifested infiltrative growth only, and 1 displayed intraepithelial growth only (an in situ carcinoma of an underlying meibomian gland was eventually found).

The main growth pattern evidenced by the majority of the patients’ invasive tumors was lobular without peripheral palisading or clefting, wherein the tumor cells comprised variably sized units ( Figure 2 , Top left and Top right). These were generally small to medium-sized aggregates. Differentiation in the form of vacuolization often became more prominent centrally in the lobules with outer, more primitive nonvacuolated cells. In many moderately differentiated tumors, however, vacuoles were evenly distributed throughout the lobules. Prominent comedonecrosis consisting of total cellular dissolution (mimicking holocrine secretion) in the centers of the lobules was noted in 2 cases ( Figure 2 , Top left), although subtler degrees of central liquefactive holocrine dissolution were seen in several other lesions. Papillary growth was detected in 1 case ( Figure 2 , Middle left), whereas trabecular ( Figure 2 , Middle right), infiltrative or strand-like ( Figure 2 , Bottom left), and basal cell carcinoma–like ( Figure 2 , Bottom right) patterns were noted in the remainder of the cases. No instance of an “Indian file” infiltrative pattern was observed. As an incidental finding, 3 biopsies revealed histopathologic features of a lipogranuloma (chalazion), probably attributable to blockage of normal meibomian excretory ducts by tumor.

Histopathologic growth patterns of invasive eyelid sebaceous carcinoma. (Top left) Two lobules of tumor display central necrosis (N), so-called comedonecrosis. The inset demonstrates the abrupt transition of viable tumor cells toward the upper right undergoing dissolution into homogenized eosinophilic (holocrine-like) pools of lipidic secretion. (Top right) Lobules composed of small cells with scant eosinophilic cytoplasm (basosquamous) and inconspicuous vacuoles exhibit focal dyskeratosis (box contains 3 such cells), which is highlighted in the inset. Peripheral palisading and clefting are absent (Middle left) Papillary growth pattern within the tarsus of the eyelid. The epidermis (E) above is located at the top and the conjunctiva below (C), from which papillary projections (arrow) can be seen. In the tarsus, tumor displays pushing, nonencapsulated margins and ribbons of blue basaloid cells with central clear zones. (Middle right) Trabecular (beam-like) pattern with epidermoid dyskeratosis (arrow), shown to better advantage in the inset. (Bottom left) An infiltrative growth pattern of strands of basosquamous cells imitative of a sclerosing basal cell carcinoma (arrows) radiating from larger lobules (crossed arrow) of cells that sometimes manifest clear cells with vacuolar changes. (Bottom right) Nodular basal cell carcinoma-like appearance (BC) replete with peripheral nuclear palisading (arrows). There is no connection to the epidermis. The inset reveals numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles. There was associated intraepithelial conjunctival spread. (Hematoxylin eosin: Top left, ×100; inset, ×400; Top right, ×200; inset, ×600; Middle left, ×12.5; Middle right, ×200; inset, ×600; Bottom left, ×100; Bottom right, ×100; inset, ×400.)

Several cell types and levels of differentiation among the various lesions often overlapped from lesion to lesion and were even combined within the same lesion, in that different fields could offer disparate architectures and cellular typologies. With 1 exception in which de-differentiation occurred, all the other recurrences preserved the same overall architecture and level of differentiation. The main cell types encountered, in decreasing order of frequency, were the basaloid, basosquamous, and epidermoid. Sebocyte-like cells were a subset of cells discovered only in well-differentiated tumors ( Figure 3 , Top left and inset, and Top right and inset). They manifested either mulberry-type vacuolization or a frothy appearance of total cytoplasmic vacuolization of various-sized spaces considered stereotypical for sebaceous carcinoma. In our material this feature was focally in only 3 lesions, generally with a background basaloid cellular population identified. Five cases had tumors composed mostly of small “blue” or basaloid cells, displaying a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and inconspicuous vacuoles ( Figure 2 , Bottom right and inset; Figure 3 , Top left). The basosquamous and epidermoid cell types predominating in 7 cases consisted of small to medium-sized cells with modest to moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm ( Figure 3 , Middle left and Middle right). These cell types sometimes displayed easily overlooked scattered dyskeratotic cells ( Figure 2 , Top right and inset, Middle right and inset). Among the epidermoid lesions ( Figure 3 , Bottom left and inset), small foci of central keratin compaction simulated holocrine secretion ( Figure 3 , Bottom right); pancytokeratin immunostaining disclosed intense positivity in these foci ( Figure 3 , Bottom right inset). According to a tripartite designation of level of differentiation adopted herein (well differentiated, >60% vacuolated cells; moderately, 25%-60%; poorly, <25%), the patients’ invasive nodules were mostly poorly differentiated ( Figure 3 , Bottom right), 3 were moderately differentiated ( Figure 3 , Middle left), and 2 were well differentiated ( Figure 3 , Top left and Top right). If a lesion displayed an organoid growth pattern with central, highly vacuolated cells (sebocyte-like) surrounded by a thick cuff of less differentiated basaloid cells, it was designated as well differentiated ( Figure 3 , Top left).

Cytologic features of invasive sebaceous carcinoma. (Top left) A lobule of tumor composed of multilayers of blue basaloid cells (BC) surrounding highly differentiated and vacuolated central sebocyte-like tumor cells (SC), better defined in the inset. (Top right) Well-differentiated sebaceous carcinoma with sebocyte-like tumor cells (SC) randomly intermixed with basaloid cells. Only 1 or 2 layers of the latter cells are found abutting the stroma (ST). The arrow points to a multinucleated bizarre sebocyte-like tumor cell resembling a histiocytic giant cell. Other atypical cellular forms are present in the inset, including a multinucleated tumor giant cell (arrow). (Middle left) Moderately differentiated tumor cells with an epidermoid appearance (EC) owing to noticeable eosinophilic cytoplasm containing large to medium-sized vacuoles. (Middle right) Epidermoid, nonkeratinizing cells within a large lobule manifesting nonvacuolated amphophilic to eosinophilic cytoplasm with scattered pleomorphic nuclei. Fibrovascular connective tissue cores (arrows) punctuate the cell clusters endowed with smaller, more regular nuclei. The inset depicts the fine detail of the nuclei, which are smoothly rounded, lack chromatin margination at the nuclear membrane, and possess a fine dusting of chomatin granules in the absence of a dominant nucleolus, as exemplified by the large nucleus just off center toward the upper right in the inset. (Bottom left) Epidermoid tumor cells with more opaque cytoplasm exhibiting focal eosinophilia. The tumor cells possess a vesicular nucleus with a prominent basophilic nucleolus. The inset demonstrates multifocal dyskeratosis (arrows). (Bottom right) A lobule of epidermoid cells displaying a central zone of strong eosinophilia composed of devitalized keratin (K) mimicking comedonecrosis of the holocrine type. The inset depicts the intense pancytokeratin positivity (arrow) of this focus surrounded by positively stained viable tumor cells. (Hematoxylin-eosin: Top left, ×200; inset, ×400; Top right, ×200; Middle left, ×200; Middle right, ×200; inset, ×400; Bottom left, ×400; inset, ×400; Bottom right, ×400; inset, ×400.)

The nuclear features of the invasive cells in our cases were also helpful in distinguishing sebaceous carcinoma from other tumors. The typical, well-preserved nucleus not marred by poor fixation or tissue compression during surgery or tissue processing was round or oval and endowed with finely divided, ink-drop or smudgy chromatin that did not marginate at the nuclear membrane ( Figure 4 , Top left and Top right). The nucleoli were punctate and hematoxylinophilic, with either 1 or 2 per nucleus. Pleomorphism in the form of large, atypical, or bizarre nuclei ( Figure 3 , Top right and inset) and cells with multiple nuclei ( Figure 3 , Top right, main panel) were observed in about half of the cases and distributed in a random fashion. Mitotic activity was high in most tumors, with 2-3 mitoses detected per high-power field ( Figure 4 , Top left and Top right including inset). The normally round or oval shape of the nucleus was sometimes deformed, indented, or eccentrically displaced by cytoplasmic vacuoles in the moderately differentiated and well-differentiated tumors ( Figure 3 , Middle left, and Figure 4 , Top right inset). In lesions with more pronounced epidermoid characteristics, the nuclei tended to be vesicular with more prominent nucleoli ( Figure 3 , Bottom left and right).

Nuclear features of invasive tumor cells and patterns of intraepithelial spread of sebaceous carcinoma. (Top left) Fine stippling of the nuclear chromatin in infiltrating tumor with occasional discernible nucleoli. There is no margination of the chromatin at the nuclear membrane. The arrows point to cells in mitosis. (Top right) Round, delicate nuclei with fine heterochromatin granules, rare small nucleoli, and absent chromatin margination resemble those in neuroendocrine and Merkel cell (trabecular) carcinoma. There are 3 mitoses (arrows) in this high-power field. The inset depicts the fragility and deformation of the nuclei by cytoplasmic vacuoles and a star-burst mitotic figure (arrow). (Middle left) Pagetoid intraepidermal growth of single cells, better shown in the inset, has caused a disturbance in epidermal maturation with formation of a surface keratinous crust. (Middle right) A higher-power view of intraepithelial tumor cells at the transitional zone of the mucocutaneous junction. Between the arrows there are numerous vacuolated “clear cells.” The surface is covered toward the top right by a parakeratotic crust with retention of nuclei. (Bottom left) Intraepithelial spread by sebaceous carcinoma cells within the palpebral conjunctiva simulating an epidermoid (squamous) carcinoma in situ. There is a tell-tale preservation of benign basal germinal cells (arrows). Epidermoid carcinoma in situ does not exhibit this feature. A subjacent dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate (IN) is present. The inset discloses scattered intracytoplasmic vacuoles. (Bottom right) The thinned surface epithelium bereft of goblet cells and the pseudoglands of Henle of the palpebral conjunctival epithelium are replaced by poorly differentiated hematoxylinophilic sebaceous carcinoma cells with a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and scattered cytoplasmic vacuoles. (Hematoxylin-eosin: Top left, ×600; Top right, ×600; inset, ×600; Middle left, ×100; inset, ×200; Middle right, ×100; Bottom left, ×200; inset, ×400; Bottom right, ×200.)

Two patterns of intraepithelial spread of sebaceous carcinoma cells were found. At the eyelid margin and in the epidermis of the skin only pagetoid spread was detected, whereas in the palpebral conjunctival epithelium, either a pagetoid or carcinoma-in-situ pattern could be featured. Intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma cells exhibit nuclei that are 50%-100% larger than those of neighboring normal keratinocytes. One case was remarkable because the entire disease was restricted to the epithelium, notably an in situ carcinoma of a meibomian gland with accompanying eyelid margin intraepidermal spread. Tumor cell extension into adnexal structures (mostly follicles) was detected in 3 cases with intraepidermal involvement. The predominant pattern within the conjunctival epithelium mimicked an epidermoid (squamous) carcinoma in situ in 7 patients’ lesions. Less common in the conjunctiva was the pagetoid pattern (4 cases), constituted by atypical cells percolating individually or in small clusters at various levels of an identifiably normal, preexistent epithelium. In the vicinity of the orifices of the meibomian gland ducts, the pagetoid pattern was created ( Figure 4 , Middle left and inset; and Middle right) by cells that usually possessed clear cytoplasm or vacuoles. Parakeratosis was also displayed by the involved segments of epidermis and eyelid margin ( Figure 4 , Middle left and Middle right). In the palpebral conjunctival epithelium, atypical epithelial involvement occurred mostly as a carcinoma-in-situ pattern with spindly “blue” basaloid cells entirely replacing the normal epithelium as well as that of the pseudoglands of Henle ( Figure 4 , Bottom left and inset, and Bottom right; Figure 5 , Top left).

Conjunctival intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma spread and epithelial membrane antigen immunostaining of invasive tumors. (Top left) Carcinoma-in-situ patterns. Left panel: Nondescript full-thickness intraepithelial atypical ovoid cells closely mimic a severe epidermoid dysplasia or carcinoma in situ. There is an intense underlying chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate (IN). Right panel: Spindly, nonvacuolated multilaminar basaloid cells culminate in surface well-differentiated sebocyte-like tumor cells. (Top right) Pagetoid patterns. Top panel: Pagetoid growth of separate, scatter-shot tumor cells in the lower half of the palpebral conjunctival epithelium with sparing of the upper half. Note the subepithelial chronic inflammation (IN). Bottom panel: Small cavities contain dyscohesive polygonal pagetoid cells (arrows) observed against a background of normal keratinocytes. (Middle left) Top panel: Clusters of hyperchromatic intraepithelial cells (arrows) display pleomorphic forms (crossed arrow). The epithelium to the left appears uninvolved. Prominent chronic inflammation (IN) is present in the substantia propria. Bottom panel: Pseudoglands of Henle are repopulated with malignant tumor cells (crossed arrows); the overlying squamous epithelium in this region appears to be uninvolved (arrows). (Middle right) Top panel: Subtotal epithelial sloughing from the substantia propria (arrow) is present on the right. Dyscohesiveness of a carcinoma-in-situ region (crossed arrows) is demonstrated on the left. Bottom panel: A monolayer of flattened atypical epithelial cells (arrow) is present in the right portion of this field, while intraepithelial incipient cellular clefting and sloughing (crossed arrow) are observed on the left side. There is typical underlying chronic inflammation (IN). (Bottom left) Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) uniformly stains the membranes of all of the cells in these infiltrating lobules of moderately differentiated tumor cells. (Bottom right) EMA is only focally positive within the lobules of this poorly differentiated lesion. The inset depicts this feature at higher power. (Hematoxylin eosin: Top left, left panel, ×200; Top left, right panel, ×400; Top right, top panel, ×200; Top right, bottom panel, ×400; Middle left, top panel, ×200; Middle left, bottom panel, ×200; Middle right, top panel, ×200; Middle right, bottom panel, ×200; Bottom left, ×200; Bottom right, ×200; inset, ×600.)

Three unusual features were noted in association with intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma spread: partial preservation of the normal basal germinal cells of the conjunctival epithelium, above which were the atypical sebaceous cells ( Figure 4 , Bottom left); intense chronic inflammation of the subjacent substantia propria ( Figure 5 , Top left, left panel); and surface cell multivacuolar differentiation developing apically above multiple layers of primitive spindled basaloid tumor cells—observed in 1 case with papillary features ( Figure 5 , Top left, right panel). True pagetoid colonization of the conjunctival epithelium stood out as clear cells retracted from the surrounding keratinocytes ( Figure 5 , Top right, top and bottom panels). The skip areas of conjunctival intraepithelial involvement were common and would probably have been interconnected in a 3-dimensional reconstruction of tumor spread ( Figure 5 , Middle left, top and bottom panels). A highly suggestive feature of intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma cells was a tendency for focal or extensive cell sloughing or dyscohesiveness in a third of the lesions ( Figure 5 , Middle right, top and bottom panels).

Immunohistochemical Findings

All infiltrative lesions stained positively for EMA. Five lesions with better-differentiated features manifested uniform staining of the cell membranes in the lobules ( Figure 5 , Bottom left), whereas only focally erratic collections of such cells were discovered ( Figure 5 , Bottom right and inset) in 5 poorly differentiated tumors. p53 was highly positive in all but 1 of the invasive growths (average of 71.7%, range of 33.7%-90.4%) ( Figure 6 , Top left). It could not be determined whether the negative result was the consequence of a technical failure or a true attribute of the tumor. In the positive lesions both the pleomorphic and smaller tumor cell nuclei immunoreacted positively. Ki-67 ( Figure 6 , Top left, inset) in the infiltrative components of the tumors had an average proliferative index of 45.1% (range 27.4%-65.8%). A reliable proliferation index could not be calculated for the intraepithelial spread because of difficulty in distinguishing between normal basal cell mitotic activity and tumor cell mitoses.

p53, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ki-67, and adipophilin immunostaining of intraepithelial invasive tumor cells. (Top left) p53 immunoreacts with most tumor cell nuclei in this lesion (82.1%), including the larger ones (overall average p53 positivity in this series was 71.7%). The inset depicts the high level of Ki-67 nuclear positivity (85.4% in this case; average proliferation index of 45.1% in this series). (Top right) Top panel: EMA highlights intraepithelial malignant sebaceous cells at the eyelid margin (arrow). The crossed arrow indicates weak EMA positivity restricted to the normal epidermal basilar and suprabasilar cells. Bottom panel: EMA positivity of a cluster of intraepidermal neoplastic cells (arrows) with negative staining of adjacent epidermal basilar cells (crossed arrow). (Middle left) Top panel: p53 strongly stains the nuclei of the intraepithelial tumor cells (TC) at the eyelid margin. The normal adjacent epithelium displays only weak positivity of the basilar cells (arrow). Bottom panel: Nuclear p53 positivity in conjunctival intraepithelial malignant cells. (Middle right) Top panel: Dramatic p53 positivity of tumor cells occupying the palpebral pseudoglands of Henle (crossed arrows). The uncrossed arrows highlight short segments of surface epithelial positivity. Meibomian glands (MG) do not stain for p53. Bottom panel: Even with most of the palpebral conjunctival epithelium having sloughed off, the remaining adherent monolayer of cells is established to be neoplastic because of p53 positivity (arrows). (Bottom left) Abundant adipophilin positivity in this well-differentiated infiltrating tumor stained in paraffin sections compares favorably with results of oil red O staining of fresh tissue demonstrated in the inset. (Bottom right) Only the well-differentiated sebocyte-like tumor cells with complete cytoplasmic vacuolization stain positively for adipophilin, whereas the surrounding nonvacuolated basaloid cells are negative. (Immunoperoxidase reaction, diaminobenzidine chromogen, hematoxylin counterstain: Top left, ×100; inset, ×100; Top right, top panel, ×100; bottom panel, ×200; Middle left, top panel, ×100; bottom panel, ×400; Middle right, top panel, ×40; bottom panel, ×400; Bottom left, ×200; Bottom right, ×400; oil red O: bottom left inset, ×400.)

With respect to intraepithelial tumor spread, which was present in 9 out of the 12 cases in at least 1 specimen throughout the course of the disease and its recurrences, EMA was dramatically positive in the colonizing tumor cells ( Figure 6 , Top right, top and bottom panels). The adjacent epidermis or conjunctival epithelium displayed either faint or no basilar and suprabasilar cell staining. Likewise, p53 vividly immunoreacted with the tumor cells in the epidermis, marginal eyelid epithelium, and conjunctival epithelium ( Figure 6 , Middle left, top and bottom panels). Adjacent basilar cells of the epidermis ( Figure 6 , Middle left, top panel) were less intensely positive, and the basilar cells of the palpebral conjunctival epithelium were generally negative. The pseudoglands of Henle of the palpebral conjunctiva were not uncommonly replaced by p53-positive neoplastic cells surmounted by a thin surface of nonneoplastic epithelial cells or only focally positive surface cells ( Figure 6 , Middle right, top panel). Areas where most of the conjunctival epithelium had sloughed still harbored atypical hyperchromatic basilar cells that were p53 positive ( Figure 6 , Middle right, bottom panel). All infiltrating patterns of the tumors that we studied were Ber-EP4 negative.

Adipophilin was strongly positive in the most differentiated infiltrating tumor cells ( Figure 6 , Bottom left) and compared favorably with correlative oil red O staining ( Figure 6 , Bottom left, inset). There were vagaries in adipophilin staining, in that different regions of infiltrative growth with the same histopathologic features might be strongly or weakly positive or completely negative, as was also discovered with respect to “skip” areas of negativity in frankly involved segments of surface epithelium. Tumor cells with well-differentiated or sebocytic features of capacious, frothy, and totally vacuolated cytoplasm were usually highly positive ( Figure 6 , Bottom right), but in some instances they were either weakly staining or nonstaining, as if their lipid contents had been partially or totally released. The basaloid cells that frequently enveloped the collections of sebocytic cells were nonstaining. In more closely analyzing the nature of the adipophilin cytoplasmic staining, positivity was attributable to clear-cut vesicular (vacuolar) rimming by immunoreactant ( Figure 7 , Top left, left panel) detected in the better-differentiated lesions. On the other hand, fine nonvacuolar granular or particulate staining ( Figure 7 , Top left, right panel) was detected in the poorly differentiated lesions, particularly those in which basaloid or epidermoid cells were featured. Basosquamous lesions could manifest both types of adipophilin morphologies. In lobules displaying central comedonecrosis, adipophilin positivity occurred in both vesicular (vacuolar) and granular forms ( Figure 7 , Top right and inset). Vacuolated cells in lobules with moderate differentiation in comparison to full-blown sebocytes were also positive, but less intensely so ( Figure 7 , Middle left). In the lesion with a basal cell carcinoma–type growth pattern (but lacking any connection to the epidermis and possessing an accompanying intraepithelial component—see Figure 2 , Bottom right), small scattered clusters of adipophilin-positive cells displaying vesicular forms were randomly scattered throughout the tumor cell lobules ( Figure 7 , Middle right).

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