Management of Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a devastating complication of intraocular surgery. This complication is very difficult to anticipate, prevent, and manage (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) (Fig. 30.1). Intraoperative management is complex, as is the decision to intervene in the postoperative period. These cases are also called choroidal hemorrhages because blood dissects into the spongy choroidal tissue. They are termed expulsive hemorrhages if the choroid and retina are forced out of the eye by high pressure in the suprachoroidal space.
INCIDENCE OF SUPRACHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE
The incidence of suprachoroidal hemorrhage in extracapsular cataract surgery and phacoemulsification is approximately 0.15%, filtering procedures 0.15%, penetrating keratoplasty 0.56%, vitrectomy 0.41%, and the principal author’s vitrectomy series is 0.01% (5/26,000). Small-incision cataract surgery does not necessarily reduce the incidence of this complication as the intraocular pressure (IOP) must be reduced to atmospheric pressure during intraocular lens (IOL) insertion, although it certainly makes wound closure faster and safer. Clearly, the duration of low IOP is less with phacoemulsification than with intracapsular surgery. Small-incision surgery with self-sealing wounds construction facilitates rapid wound closure and normalization of the IOP. Filtering procedures such as trabeculectomy, setons, and valves remain a common cause of this complication. Late hemorrhages are common if antimetabolites (mitomycin) are used producing a sustained, very low IOP.