Fig. 9.1
A dacryoendoscope
Fig. 9.2
Closer view of the side port
Fig. 9.3
Endoscopic viewing system
Dacryoendoscopy can be performed in an anterograde or a retrograde manner. In the anterograde, evaluation sequence starts at the puncta and subsequently the canaliculus, lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal ducts are studied. This is technically demanding and bumping into the mucosal walls is not uncommon especially for the beginners. In the retrograde technique, the punctum is dilated with a Nettleship’s punctum dilator (Fig. 9.4), the dacyroendoscope is gently passed into the horizontal canaliculus from the upper punctum on an outstretched eyelid (Fig. 9.5) and gently turned 90° just as in probing and descends down till the inferior meatus (Fig. 9.6). Now the scope is gently retracted back very slowly to study each part of the lacrimal drainage system. Gentle forward and backward movements are continued all through to help evaluate the system thoroughly. The retrograde technique is much easier in technical terms. It is important to know that illumination may need to vary in different parts of the lacrimal system. For example, the illumination needs to be more while examining the interiors of lacrimal sac as compared to the nasolacrimal duct or canaliculi.
Fig. 9.4
Punctal dilatation
Fig. 9.5
Canalicular pass of the dacryoendoscope
Fig. 9.6
Vertical pass of the dacryoendoscope. Note the saline syringe to side port
Indications
The indications for which dacryoendoscopy is gaining popularity are as follows [1–10], but by no means this list is exhaustive or complete.
1.
Acquired internal punctal stenosis
3.
Canalicular explorations following IPC membranotomy
5.
Canalicular stenosis
6.
Patchy or multifocal canalicular strictures
7.
Partial and complete canalicular obstructions
8.
Dacryoendoscopic guided canalicular trephination
9.
Laser dacryoplasty
10.
Microdrill canaliculoplasty
11.
Balloon canaliculoplasty
12.
Confirmation of complete canalicular recanalizations
13.
Assessment of the mucosal folds across the lacrimal system
14.
Lacrimal sac inflammations
15.
Focal and suspicious mucosal elevations ± guided punch biopsy
16.
Residual lacrimal sac septum
17.
Lacrimal sac diverticula
18.
Chronic dacryocystitis to assess intrasac synechiae
19.
Lacrimal sac entrapments following bony trauma
20.
Dacryocele
21.
Lacrimal drainage system tumors
22.
Assessment of unusual types of sac discharges
23.
Assessment of foreign bodies and migrated punctal plugs
24.
Dacryolithiasis—assessment and guided removal
25.
Assessment of lacrimal fistulas
26.
Etiopathogenesis of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstructions
27.
Functional nasolacrimal duct obstructions (to rule out anatomical issues)
28.
Dacryoendoscopic-guided probing