The pursuit of a diagnosis of invasive candidiasis is largely driven by clinical suspicion and supportive exam findings. Blood cultures/fungal isolators are commonly utilized, although they have been shown to have a wide range of sensitivities ranging from 21 to 71 % [17]. Additionally, whole-blood, multiplex polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) assay (currently only validated in independent laboratories) can detect the five clinically most important Candida species as well as several other fungal and bacterial organisms; this modality of testing has demonstrated a high sensitivity ranging from 85 to 95 % in candidaemic patients [17, 18].

For ocular involvement, the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommend that all candidaemic patients undergo a dilated funduscopic exam to screen for endophthalmitis [19]. Special emphasis should be placed on routine, dilated fundoscopy for candidaemic patients with visual symptoms or inability to report these symptoms [13]. Cultures of vitreous samples confirm the diagnosis [12].

Treatment for candidaemia requires systemic antifungal agents, with an echinocandin or liposomal amphotericin B being first choice medications. Treatment duration should be at least 4–6 weeks and continue for 2 weeks after negative blood cultures [19]. Daily blood cultures and fundoscopic exams should be used to track efficacy of treatment [19].

For ocular manifestations, Candida chorioretinitis is typically treated adequately with systemic antifungal therapy [11, 12, 19]. Candida endophthalmitis with vitreous involvement commonly warrants pars plana vitrectomy with or without intravitreal antifungal administration [15, 19].

Candida associated uveitis occurs due to localized candidiasis or candidaemia, usually in immunocompromised or hospitalized patients. Ocular manifestations include chorioretinitis and progression to vision-threatening endophthalmitis. Diagnosis of candidaemia can be made using blood cultures or PCR assay. Ocular manifestations are diagnosed and followed via fundoscopic exams. Therapeutic guidelines recommend 4–6 weeks of systemic antifungal treatment that should continue for 2 weeks after documented Candida-negative blood cultures. More aggressive intraocular antifungal treatment and pars plana vitrectomy are recommended for endophthalmitis.