Case Studies





There are many examples which could be given, but these cases have been chosen to illustrate the use of detailed record cards specific to Low Vision Assessments (Appendix 2), with a range of the common situations, and patient characteristics, encountered. The ‘prompt questions’ have been removed from the history sections to save space. Patient details and the names of individuals are altered, but the names of hospitals and organisations are real. A variety of different strategies and techniques are given as examples, and all are discussed in more detail in the preceding chapters.


It is often useful to record exactly what patients say when completing the record card—direct quotes are indicated by quotation marks. It is also helpful to identify information which comes indirectly from other individuals (e.g. parent/spouse), rather than the patient themselves.


Although low vision care takes place in a variety of locations, none of the rehabilitation strategies suggested are unique to one particular setting. The records include many examples of signposting: again the precise organisations involved in offering these services may differ in different geographical locations.


Case 1—14-Year-Old


Low Vision Assessment Date: 25-1-2022


Patient Details

















Name Isabella Ford DOB 20-1-2008
First visit to clinic? Y Referred from? Ophthalmologist—paediatric genetics clinic Age 14


Ocular History













  • Diagnosed with Stargardt disease (molecularly confirmed) 4 months ago



  • Noticed difficulty with board over past year—increasing—went to local optom then referred



  • Never worn spectacles

Any change in vision in last 3 months? Yes Which is better eye currently? Unsure



















Ophthalmologist Prof. Michaelides Last visit Oct 21
Hospital Moorfields Next visit Today
Optometrist J. Turner Last eye exam Aug 21












Registration status (give date) SI ⬜ SSI ⬜ Not registered ⬜
Contact with SS/RO? When? What was result? Referred to Teacher for Vision Impairment—first meeting next week


General Health













Health problems None Medication management None
GP name & address Dr Ranj Patel, Westway Health Centre


Daily Life









Visual Perception



  • Can’t see board from back of class



  • Faint colours are harder on the whiteboard—e.g. yellow/green harder than blue/purple



  • Colours OK in art



  • Reading OK although may be slower



  • Dad says turns on more lights in the home than she used to



  • Not aware of eccentric viewing









Occupation/Education



  • Year 9 at Hammersmith Academy



  • Favourite lessons: Science and English



  • Less keen on Spanish (not because of vision)



  • Is allowed to sit at the front of the class in all lessons



  • Not receiving enlarged handouts—‘managing’ although dad says she’s holding work closer



  • Most homework is online—zooms in on screen and can see easily



  • Not had any touch typing lessons but effective at typing



  • Not sure about career—plan to go to university?science subject



  • SENCo at school (Mr Jalil) is aware of vision loss and ensures she sits at front of class



  • Teachers are generally quite understanding although one supply teacher made her sit at the back and accused her of ‘messing around’



  • Has been referred to Teacher for Visual Impairment but not met them yet—first meeting next week











Mobility and Travel



  • Walks to and from school with friends—says can cross road safely—dad agrees



  • Sometimes gets bus with friends—can’t always see number until close but ‘not a problem’



  • Mobility OK—no trips or falls

Slips or trips? ☒White cane? ⬜Walking stick or frame? ⬜Wheelchair? ⬜
















At Home



  • Lives with parents (good vision) and two cats in second floor flat (stairs, no lift)



  • No difficulty with stairs



  • No concerns at home. Good lighting.



  • Is vegan cant always read ingredients on snack foods, friends or family help

Sensory substitution devices? (e.g. bump-ons; talking watch; liquid level indicator)
Hobbies/Interests



  • Likes indoor climbing—no problems with this—goes twice/week



  • Plays drums—doesn’t use music for this—no lessons/exams



  • Meets friends in park (best friend: Maiesha)



  • Watches videos on laptop (17″ screen)



  • Doesn’t watch much TV

Watch TV? ⬜What distance?Audio-description? ⬜










Reading, Writing and Electronic Devices



  • Loves reading—favourite author: Malorie Blackman



  • Prefers to read on screen instead of paper (always has)



  • Uses Kindle app and library app on iPad



  • Not tried reversed contrast



  • Preferred print size is about 18 point—holds at 28 cm



  • Has iPhone SE for texting and calls—enlarged font, not tried reversed contrast—holds at about 10 cm



  • Has own laptop (17″, Windows)—manages with this although dad says gets very close

Computer? Smartphone? Duration of comfortable reading: 1–2 hours









  • Worried about the future



  • Not met anyone else with vision loss



  • Has lots of friends and talks to family, but may like to speak to someone else about this



Current Spectacles and Magnifiers










  • Use of Spectacles



  • No current spectacles



Use of Magnifiers


No current magnifiers


Other Aids/Devices or Strategies


Enlarges print on phone and zooms on laptop (Ctrl + Up)


Patient Aims










  • Wants to be able to see as well as her friends at school



  • Wants to be able to keep up at school



Visual Assessment


Visions:


















Right Left
Distance:0.6 logMAR Near: Distance:0.54 logMAR Near:
Binocular
Distance:0.54 logMAR Near:N18 fluently at 30 cm,N6 slowly at 10 cm


Reading Speed Assessment (MNREAD App)


Peak reading speed 155 words per minute


Critical print size N19


Acuity N6, holding closer


Refraction:















Rx Right VA Left VA
Distance +0.50 DS 0.6 logMAR +0.50 DS 0.54 logMAR


High Adds Tested


Adds do not help—‘all blurred’


Contrast Sensitivity


Method: Mars chart













Right Left Binocular
1.64 log units (2.3%)


This is




  • Severe loss: nonsighted strategies probably indicated (Rows 1 and 2)



  • Significantly reduced: optical aids may be useful (Rows 3 and 4)



  • Noticeable loss: lighting and contrast need to be optimised (Rows 5 and 6)



  • Normal/near normal (Rows 7 and 8)



Visual Field




  • Central/peripheral (please delete as appropriate)



  • Method: Amsler and confrontation



  • Brief description of findings (attach plot if appropriate)










  • Central area ‘faint’ in each eye



  • Confrontation grossly full



Other Tests:


Ishihara 21/21


Aids Demonstrated





























Magnification & Description Which Specs Used VA Comments on Performance Issued
+10 D Eschenbach LED Hand Mag n/a N4 Fluent—likes light—would like to try for faint details/reading, e.g. thermometer in science experiments Y
6 × 17 binoculars n/a 0.0 Good handling. Would like to use for days out/school trips Y
4 × 13 Microlux monocular telescope n/a 0.1 Not sure would use—doesn’t like N



























Outcomes
Requirements Identified Solutions Suggested
Distance



  • Seeing on days out/school trips



  • Seeing in classroom




  • Binoculars



  • Being allowed to sit at front of class



  • Relay system for whiteboard



  • Having slides electronically ahead of lessons



  • Being allowed to use iPad/laptop in class

Intermediate
Seeing iPad at longer distance Accessibility settings—emailed leaflet and will look at applevis.com
Near



  • Seeing handouts



  • Seeing textbooks at school



  • Seeing faint details, e.g. on food packets




  • Enlarged handouts—suggest font 18+



  • Electronic handouts so Isabella can zoom in



  • +10 D hand magnifier (can see label with this)













































Action (✓/×) Details
Referred to own optometrist
Referred to GP/Consultant Report sent to consultant ophthalmologist
Referred to rehab officer/SS (LVL?)


  • Already referred to teacher for visual impairment



  • Report to teacher for visual impairment written




    • Full report of visual assessment



    • Suggest classroom help (e.g. relay); enlarged handouts (font 18+, A4); additional time and modified large print for exams; electronic textbooks



    • Explain spectacles won’t help



    • Details of follow-up appointments in low vision and ophthalmology



    • Note that Isabella won’t always make perfect eye contact (and this doesn’t necessarily mean she is being rude or not interested)




  • Copied to SENCo and Isabella (for her to show to e.g. supply teachers)

Referred to Access to Work
Referred to voluntary agency


  • Given information on VICTA for grants and social activities



  • Given information on Stargardt’s Connected for family support

Referral to counselling services/GP/other Referred to teenage/young person counsellor based in eye hospital—with consent from Isabella/parents
Info/advice given
Leaflets given Emailed information about support, accessible technology, applevis.com
Training recommended


  • Formal touch typing training



  • Assessment by mobility instructor (although training may not be needed at this stage)



Recommended Action at Next Visit







Ensure school assessment has taken place
Discuss modifications for exams


Commentary on Case 1


The assessment of children is often different from that of adults, particularly if the child has been visually impaired from an early age, when the role of the low vision service is habilitation rather than rehabilitation. For a congenitally visually impaired child, their activities are often matched to their capabilities: this is rather different to acquired visual loss in an adult who wishes to continue to perform the same activities in the same way as when their vision was good. Even in Case 1, where visual impairment is recent, it helps to just discuss the young person’s life with them, asking about their full range of school and home activities. Some of these activities could already have been adjusted to fit in with the child: for example, the young person may be selecting an enlarged font on their electronic device. Or perhaps the school may have made sure t hat all worksheets are produced in large type (although this is often by photocopying worksheets onto larger paper, an unwieldy solution which can also reduce text contrast). Noting the working distances used is very important, and using a short working distance (relative distance magnification) can be a very effective strategy. However, it is important to assess whether accommodating to focus at these close distances is effective and comfortable. In this case, it was because high adds (which could potentially relax or replace accommodation) were not helpful.


It is also necessary to find out details of the school and teachers, so that contact can be made if required. If the school has little past experience with visually impaired pupils, then some common sense suggestions can often be made which have not been considered: sitting at the front of the class and receiving larger print are often already in place, but contrast is often not considered. Other suggestions include localised task lighting, avoidance of glare from daylight, and the use of reading stands, felt-tip pens and writing guides. Teachers can also be informed about when spectacles and tinted lenses should be worn, and requests made, for example, to wear a baseball cap in school or to sit in a particular seat (perhaps to ensure that the whiteboard is in the same direction as the null point for a child with nystagmus). Information on colour vision is useful to assess how it might affect performance in subjects such as art, geography and science.


Parents also need to be supported to learn more about the eye condition and its prognosis, and how to navigate the complex systems for financial support and education. There may be little opportunity for them to meet other parents in a similar position in their local area, and support organisations can be invaluable to facilitate this.


Case 2—52-year-old


Low Vision AssessmentDate: 02-12-2021


Patient Details

















Name Angela Davis DOB 23-2-1969
First visit to clinic? Y Referred from? Ophthalmology clinic Age 52


Ocular History





















































  • Was referred to ophthalmologist for registration as SI, and then referred for Low Vision Assessment.



  • Had a stroke 9 months ago, now discharged from Neurology clinic.



  • Memory is affected: forgets conversations she has had until her children remind her, forgets to take medication, forgets to turn gas hob off (no accidents, kitchen just got warmer)



  • Personal and family ocular history unremarkable




  • Any change in vision in last 3 months?



  • No (although it has improved from time of stroke)




  • Which is better eye currently?



  • Can’t see on right side but vision is the same in both eyes

Ophthalmologist Ms Cox Last visit 2 months
Hospital Manchester Royal Eye Hospital Next visit None planned
Optometrist Local practice, can’t remember the name Last eye exam Over 2 years (received reminder)
Registration status (give date) SI 2 months ago SSI Not registered
Contact with SS/RO? When? What was result? No contact as yet: ECLO explained what would happen when Sensory Team got in contact


General Health













Health problems After stroke now on several medications for high blood pressure, and blood thinning Medication management Sometimes forgets to take tablets in the morning but remembers later in the day
GP name & address Dr Smith, Mandalay Medical Centre, Bolton


Daily Life









Visual Perception



  • Vision good, but only on left side. Feels can’t just look to right hand side to see things but has to turn whole body to compensate—she finds this very difficult when moving.



  • No problems with light, sees colour well.



  • No hallucinations.









Occupation/Education



  • Medical Secretary, but made redundant about 1 year ago (just due to reorganisation of department). Keen to get back into work but would feel ‘petrified’ to be going to a new place with new people. Feels she could go back into work if it was her old job with a building she knew, and the people she was friendly with who would look after her.



  • She has heard about Access to Work.











Mobility and Travel



  • Had to stop driving because of vision problem—has informed the DVLA.



  • Feels she needs someone with her outdoors and they need to walk on her right side to be a buffer. This is since she went out alone and accidentally bumped into someone and they shouted at her, and this affected her confidence.



  • In the house, often holds out her right hand to find any walls and obstacles on the right. Still tends to walk into some door frames.

Slips or trips? White cane? Walking stick or frame? Wheelchair?


















At Home



  • Lives alone. Could ask for help from friends and family if required (daughter lives nearby but is carer for autistic son and disabled partner; two sons live away but phone daily and visit at weekends).



  • Manages cooking and cleaning, but much slower and more careful. Can’t rush when moving things because has to carefully lift and then turn and then think where to put them down.

Sensory substitution devices? (e.g. bump-ons; talking watch; liquid level indicator) □
Hobbies/Interests



  • Loves reading but finds book has to be placed at arm’s length and to left side (she demonstrated and is also tilting book slightly up on left side). Sometimes finds she is re-reading a paragraph already read, so uses her book mark to move down the page to keep her place.



  • Walking the dog, but now can only go out if someone else available to go with her. Feels she has to look down constantly to check that the dog isn’t walking in front of her.



  • Used to enjoy going out with friends, but now would not even consider going out at night (in the dark).

Watch TV? What distance? Has to be on left sideAudio-description? ⬜










Reading, Writing and Electronic Devices



  • Likes printed books, was never interested in a Kindle, or in audiobooks.



  • Can’t see small print (e.g. on labels)—has to pass to someone else to check.



  • Uses laptop and smartphone without problems—needs to position to left.

Computer? Smartphone? Duration of comfortable reading








Well-Being and Mental Health



  • ‘I feel like an invalid’ Was previously a very confident and independent person—would drive anywhere, do anything, without a second thought. ‘It’s took part of me away’



  • Doesn’t like being reliant on availability of other people for her to get out and about—feels it’s not fair on them either



  • Realises that managing her vision problems isn’t just about what help she can get, but also that she needs to ‘get used to it’



  • Is annoyed when she finds herself apologising when someone else bumps into her, rather than them apologising to her

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Jul 15, 2023 | Posted by in OPHTHALMOLOGY | Comments Off on Case Studies

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