There are many examples which could be given, but these cases have been chosen to illustrate the use of detailed record cards specific to Low Vision Assessments (Appendix 2), with a range of the common situations, and patient characteristics, encountered. The ‘prompt questions’ have been removed from the history sections to save space. Patient details and the names of individuals are altered, but the names of hospitals and organisations are real. A variety of different strategies and techniques are given as examples, and all are discussed in more detail in the preceding chapters.
It is often useful to record exactly what patients say when completing the record card—direct quotes are indicated by quotation marks. It is also helpful to identify information which comes indirectly from other individuals (e.g. parent/spouse), rather than the patient themselves.
Although low vision care takes place in a variety of locations, none of the rehabilitation strategies suggested are unique to one particular setting. The records include many examples of signposting: again the precise organisations involved in offering these services may differ in different geographical locations.
Case 1—14-Year-Old
Low Vision Assessment Date: 25-1-2022
Name | Isabella Ford | DOB | 20-1-2008 | ||
First visit to clinic? | Y | Referred from? | Ophthalmologist—paediatric genetics clinic | Age | 14 |
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Any change in vision in last 3 months? Yes | Which is better eye currently? Unsure |
Ophthalmologist | Prof. Michaelides | Last visit | Oct 21 |
Hospital | Moorfields | Next visit | Today |
Optometrist | J. Turner | Last eye exam | Aug 21 |
Registration status (give date) | SI ⬜ | SSI ⬜ | Not registered ⬜ |
Contact with SS/RO? When? What was result? | Referred to Teacher for Vision Impairment—first meeting next week |
Health problems | None | Medication management | None |
GP name & address | Dr Ranj Patel, Westway Health Centre |
Visual Perception |
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Occupation/Education |
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Mobility and Travel |
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Slips or trips? ☒White cane? ⬜Walking stick or frame? ⬜Wheelchair? ⬜ |
At Home |
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Sensory substitution devices? (e.g. bump-ons; talking watch; liquid level indicator) |
Hobbies/Interests |
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Watch TV? ⬜What distance?Audio-description? ⬜ |
Reading, Writing and Electronic Devices |
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Computer? Smartphone? Duration of comfortable reading: 1–2 hours |
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Current Spectacles and Magnifiers
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Use of Magnifiers
No current magnifiers
Other Aids/Devices or Strategies
Enlarges print on phone and zooms on laptop (Ctrl + Up)
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Visual Assessment
Right | Left | |||
Distance:0.6 logMAR | Near: | Distance:0.54 logMAR | Near: | |
Binocular | ||||
Distance:0.54 logMAR | Near:N18 fluently at 30 cm,N6 slowly at 10 cm |
Reading Speed Assessment (MNREAD App)
Peak reading speed 155 words per minute
Critical print size N19
Acuity N6, holding closer
Rx | Right VA | Left VA | ||
Distance | +0.50 DS | 0.6 logMAR | +0.50 DS | 0.54 logMAR |
High Adds Tested
Adds do not help—‘all blurred’
Contrast Sensitivity
Right | Left | Binocular |
1.64 log units (2.3%) |
This is
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Severe loss: nonsighted strategies probably indicated (Rows 1 and 2)
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Significantly reduced: optical aids may be useful (Rows 3 and 4)
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Noticeable loss: lighting and contrast need to be optimised (Rows 5 and 6)
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Normal/near normal (Rows 7 and 8)
Visual Field
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Central/peripheral (please delete as appropriate)
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Method: Amsler and confrontation
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Brief description of findings (attach plot if appropriate)
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Other Tests:
Ishihara 21/21
Magnification & Description | Which Specs Used | VA | Comments on Performance | Issued |
+10 D Eschenbach LED Hand Mag | n/a | N4 | Fluent—likes light—would like to try for faint details/reading, e.g. thermometer in science experiments | Y |
6 × 17 binoculars | n/a | 0.0 | Good handling. Would like to use for days out/school trips | Y |
4 × 13 Microlux monocular telescope | n/a | 0.1 | Not sure would use—doesn’t like | N |
Outcomes | |
Requirements Identified | Solutions Suggested |
Distance | |
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Intermediate | |
Seeing iPad at longer distance | Accessibility settings—emailed leaflet and will look at applevis.com |
Near | |
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Action | (✓/×) | Details |
Referred to own optometrist | ||
Referred to GP/Consultant | ✓ | Report sent to consultant ophthalmologist |
Referred to rehab officer/SS (LVL?) | ✓ |
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Referred to Access to Work | ||
Referred to voluntary agency | ✓ |
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Referral to counselling services/GP/other | ✓ | Referred to teenage/young person counsellor based in eye hospital—with consent from Isabella/parents |
Info/advice given | ||
Leaflets given | ✓ | Emailed information about support, accessible technology, applevis.com |
Training recommended | ✓ |
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Recommended Action at Next Visit
Ensure school assessment has taken place Discuss modifications for exams |
Commentary on Case 1
The assessment of children is often different from that of adults, particularly if the child has been visually impaired from an early age, when the role of the low vision service is habilitation rather than rehabilitation. For a congenitally visually impaired child, their activities are often matched to their capabilities: this is rather different to acquired visual loss in an adult who wishes to continue to perform the same activities in the same way as when their vision was good. Even in Case 1, where visual impairment is recent, it helps to just discuss the young person’s life with them, asking about their full range of school and home activities. Some of these activities could already have been adjusted to fit in with the child: for example, the young person may be selecting an enlarged font on their electronic device. Or perhaps the school may have made sure t hat all worksheets are produced in large type (although this is often by photocopying worksheets onto larger paper, an unwieldy solution which can also reduce text contrast). Noting the working distances used is very important, and using a short working distance (relative distance magnification) can be a very effective strategy. However, it is important to assess whether accommodating to focus at these close distances is effective and comfortable. In this case, it was because high adds (which could potentially relax or replace accommodation) were not helpful.
It is also necessary to find out details of the school and teachers, so that contact can be made if required. If the school has little past experience with visually impaired pupils, then some common sense suggestions can often be made which have not been considered: sitting at the front of the class and receiving larger print are often already in place, but contrast is often not considered. Other suggestions include localised task lighting, avoidance of glare from daylight, and the use of reading stands, felt-tip pens and writing guides. Teachers can also be informed about when spectacles and tinted lenses should be worn, and requests made, for example, to wear a baseball cap in school or to sit in a particular seat (perhaps to ensure that the whiteboard is in the same direction as the null point for a child with nystagmus). Information on colour vision is useful to assess how it might affect performance in subjects such as art, geography and science.
Parents also need to be supported to learn more about the eye condition and its prognosis, and how to navigate the complex systems for financial support and education. There may be little opportunity for them to meet other parents in a similar position in their local area, and support organisations can be invaluable to facilitate this.
Case 2—52-year-old
Low Vision AssessmentDate: 02-12-2021
Name | Angela Davis | DOB | 23-2-1969 | ||
First visit to clinic? | Y | Referred from? | Ophthalmology clinic | Age | 52 |
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Ophthalmologist | Ms Cox | Last visit | 2 months | ||||
Hospital | Manchester Royal Eye Hospital | Next visit | None planned | ||||
Optometrist | Local practice, can’t remember the name | Last eye exam | Over 2 years (received reminder) | ||||
Registration status (give date) | SI 2 months ago | SSI | Not registered | ||||
Contact with SS/RO? When? What was result? | No contact as yet: ECLO explained what would happen when Sensory Team got in contact | ||||||
Health problems | After stroke now on several medications for high blood pressure, and blood thinning | Medication management | Sometimes forgets to take tablets in the morning but remembers later in the day |
GP name & address | Dr Smith, Mandalay Medical Centre, Bolton |
Visual Perception |
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Occupation/Education |
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Mobility and Travel |
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Slips or trips? White cane? Walking stick or frame? Wheelchair? |
At Home |
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Sensory substitution devices? (e.g. bump-ons; talking watch; liquid level indicator) □ |
Hobbies/Interests |
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Watch TV? What distance? Has to be on left sideAudio-description? ⬜ |
Reading, Writing and Electronic Devices |
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Computer? Smartphone? Duration of comfortable reading |
Well-Being and Mental Health |
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