26 Superior Oblique Surgical Techniques
Irene Ludwig, Monte Stavis, and Donny Suh Summary The superior oblique tendon is approached at its insertion in the superotemporal quadrant, or at its ropelike tendon superonasally, adjacent to the…
28 Managing Excessive Scar Tissue (Adhesive Syndrome)
Irene Ludwig and Malcolm Ing Summary Fibrosis and scarring may affect alignment directly due to muscle contracture and indirectly via connective tissue restriction and conjunctival shortening. Techniques to correct alignment…
20 Traumatic Strabismus: Direct Orbital and Muscle Trauma and Flap Tear
Irene Ludwig Summary Blunt trauma to the head and face may impact the orbital rim, transmitting avulsive force to the eye muscle pulleys and then to the eye muscles themselves….
25 The Inferior Oblique: Surgical Techniques
David Stager Jr. and David Stager Sr. Summary Inferior oblique weakening procedures presented in this chapter include chemodenervation, disinsertion, various myotomies, recessions, myectomy, nasal myectomy, anterior transposition, anterior nasal transposition,…
24 Plications and Tucks
Monte A. Del Monte Summary The surgical treatment of strabismus usually involves three types of procedures, which can be performed on rectus muscles or oblique muscles. Classical procedures involve variations…
22 Strabismus Surgical Instrumentation
John E. Bishop Summary This chapter describes the basic and specialty instruments used in strabismus surgery. Included are discussions of specula, forceps, hooks, retractors, calipers, and needle holders. strabismus –…
21 Anesthesia for Strabismus Surgery
Rebecca Lee and Frederick M. Wang Summary Individualizing anesthesia choices for strabismus surgery based on patient considerations leads to a better and safer patient experience, improved surgical outcome, and a…
19 Displaced Muscles (Pulley Heterotopias)
Yair Morad and Irene H. Ludwig Summary Acquired and congenital displacements of the paths of the eye muscles (pulley shifts and pulley heterotopias) are newly recognized causes of strabismus. Downward…
15 Duane’s Syndrome
Seyhan B. Oezkan Summary Duane’s syndrome is a common form of the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motility pattern presents in a wide clinical spectrum, and the choice of…
18 Cranial Nerve Palsies
Lionel Kowal, Yair Morad, Ronit Friling, and Irene Ludwig Summary New advances in the understanding of extraocular muscle and orbital anatomy and function are leading to increased accuracy in diagnosis…
